ZyXEL Communications VMG8924B10A Dual Band Wireless AC/N VDSL2 VoIP Combo WAN Gigabit IAD User Manual VMG8924 B10A 2

ZyXEL Communications Corporation Dual Band Wireless AC/N VDSL2 VoIP Combo WAN Gigabit IAD VMG8924 B10A 2

Contents

(VMG8924-B10A) User Manual-2

Chapter 15 FirewallVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 201The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 89 Access Control: Add/EditLABEL DESCRIPTIONFilter Name Enter a descriptive name of up to 16 alphanumeric characters, not including spaces, underscores, and dashes. You must enter the filter name to add an ACL rule. This field is read-only if you are editing the ACL rule.Order Select the order of the ACL rule.Select Source Device Select the source device to which the ACL rule applies. If you select Specific IP Address, enter the source IP address in the field below.Source IP Address Enter the source IP address.Select Destination DeviceSelect the destination device to which the ACL rule applies. If you select Specific IP Address, enter the destiniation IP address in the field below.Destination IP Address Enter the destination IP address.IP Type Select whether your IP type is IPv4 or IPv6. Select Protocol Select the transport layer protocol that defines your customized port from the drop-down list box. The specific protocol rule sets you add in the Security > Firewall > Service > Add screen display in this list. If you want to configure a customized protocol, select Specific Service.Protocol This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol.Choose the IP port (TCP/UDP, TCP, UDP, ICMP, or ICMPv6) that defines your customized port from the drop-down list box.Custom Source Port This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol.Enter a single port number or the range of port numbers of the source.Custom Destination Port This field is displayed only when you select Specific Protocol in Select Protocol.Enter a single port number or the range of port numbers of the destination.Policy Use the drop-down list box to select whether to discard (DROP), deny and send an ICMP destination-unreachable message to the sender of (REJECT) or allow the passage of (ACCEPT) packets that match this rule.Direction Use the drop-down list box to select the direction of traffic to which this rule applies.Enable Rate Limit Select this check box to set a limit on the upstream/downstream transmission rate for the specified protocol.Specify how many packets per minute or second the transmission rate is.Scheduler Rules Select a schedule rule for this ACL rule form the drop-down list box. You can configure a new schedule rule by click Add New Rule. This will bring you to the Security > Scheduler Rules screen.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
Chapter 15 FirewallVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide20215.5 The DoS ScreenDoS (Denial of Service) attacks can flood your Internet connection with invalid packets and connection requests, using so much bandwidth and so many resources that Internet access becomes unavailable. Use the DoS screen to activate protection against DoS attacks. Click Security > Firewall > DoS to display the following screen. Figure 121 Security > Firewall > DoSThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 90 Security > Firewall > DoSLABEL DESCRIPTIONDoS Protection Blocking Select Enable to enable protection against DoS attacks.Deny Ping Response Select Enable to block ping request packets. Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 203CHAPTER 16MAC Filter16.1 Overview You can configure the Device to permit access to clients based on their MAC addresses in the MAC Filter screen. This applies to wired and wireless connections. Every Ethernet device has a unique MAC (Media Access Control) address. The MAC address is assigned at the factory and consists of six pairs of hexadecimal characters, for example, 00:A0:C5:00:00:02. You need to know the MAC addresses of the devices to configure this screen.16.2 The MAC Filter ScreenUse this screen to allow wireless and LAN clients access to the Device. Click Security > MAC Filter. The screen appears as shown.Figure 122 Security > MAC Filter
Chapter 16 MAC FilterVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide204The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 91 Security > MAC FilterLABEL DESCRIPTIONMAC Address Filter Select Enable to activate the MAC filter function.Set This is the index number of the MAC address.Allow Select Allow to permit access to the Device. MAC addresses not listed will be denied access to the Device. If you clear this, the MAC Address field for this set clears.Host name Enter the host name of the wireless or LAN clients that are allowed access to the Device.MAC Address Enter the MAC addresses of the wireless or LAN clients that are allowed access to the Device in these address fields. Enter the MAC addresses in a valid MAC address format, that is, six hexadecimal character pairs, for example, 12:34:56:78:9a:bc.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 205CHAPTER 17Parental Control17.1 OverviewParental control allows you to block web sites with the specific URL. You can also define time periods and days during which the Device performs parental control on a specific user. 17.2 The Parental Control ScreenUse this screen to enable parental control, view the parental control rules and schedules.Click Security > Parental Control to open the following screen. Figure 123 Security > Parental Control The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 92 Security > Parental ControlLABEL DESCRIPTIONParental Control Select Enable to activate parental control.Add new PCP Click this if you want to configure a new parental control rule.#This shows the index number of the rule.Status This indicates whether the rule is active or not.A yellow bulb signifies that this rule is active. A gray bulb signifies that this rule is not active.PCP Name This shows the name of the rule.Home Network User (MAC) This shows the MAC address of the LAN user’s computer to which this rule applies.
Chapter 17 Parental ControlVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide20617.2.1 Add/Edit a Parental Control RuleClick Add new PCP in the Parental Control screen to add a new rule or click the Edit icon next to an existing rule to edit it. Use this screen to configure a restricted access schedule and/or URL filtering settings to block the users on your network from accessing certain web sites.Figure 124 Parental Control Rule: Add/Edit Internet Access Schedule This shows the day(s) and time on which parental control is enabled.Network Service This shows whether the network service is configured. If not, None will be shown.Website Block This shows whether the website block is configured. If not, None will be shown.Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Table 92 Security > Parental Control (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 17 Parental ControlVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 207The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 93 Parental Control Rule: Add/EditLABEL DESCRIPTIONGeneralActive Select the checkbox to activate this parental control rule.Parental Control Profile NameEnter a descriptive name for the rule.Home Network User Select the LAN user that you want to apply this rule to from the drop-down list box. If you select Custom, enter the LAN user’s MAC address. If you select All, the rule applies to all LAN users.Internet Access ScheduleDay Select check boxes for the days that you want the Device to perform parental control. Time Drag the time bar to define the time that the LAN user is allowed access. Network ServiceNetwork Service Setting If you select Block, the Device prohibits the users from viewing the Web sites with the URLs listed below.If you select Allow, the Device blocks access to all URLs except ones listed below.Add new service Click this to show a screen in which you can add a new service rule. You can configure the Service Name, Protocol, and Name of the new rule.#This shows the index number of the rule. Select the checkbox next to the rule to activate it.Service Name This shows the name of the rule.Protocol:Port This shows the protocol and the port of the rule.Modify Click the Edit icon to go to the screen where you can edit the rule.Click the Delete icon to delete an existing rule.Blocked Site/URL Keyword Click Add to show a screen to enter the URL of web site or URL keyword to which the Device blocks access. Click Delete to remove it.Apply Click this button to save your settings back to the Device.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 209CHAPTER 18Scheduler Rule18.1 OverviewYou can define time periods and days during which the Device performs scheduled rules of certain features (such as Firewall Access Control) in the Scheduler Rule screen. 18.2 The Scheduler Rule ScreenUse this screen to view, add, or edit time schedule rules.Click Security > Scheduler Rule to open the following screen. Figure 125 Security > Scheduler Rule The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 94 Security > Scheduler RuleLABEL DESCRIPTIONAdd new rule Click this to create a new rule.#This is the index number of the entry.Rule Name This shows the name of the rule.Day This shows the day(s) on which this rule is enabled.Time This shows the period of time on which this rule is enabled.Description This shows the description of this rule.Modify Click the Edit icon to edit the schedule.Click the Delete icon to delete a scheduler rule.Note: You cannot delete a scheduler rule once it is applied to a certain feature.
Chapter 18 Scheduler RuleVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide21018.2.1 Add/Edit a ScheduleClick the Add button in the Scheduler Rule screen or click the Edit icon next to a schedule rule to open the following screen. Use this screen to configure a restricted access schedule. Figure 126 Scheduler Rule: Add/Edit The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 95 Scheduler Rule: Add/Edit LABEL DESCRIPTIONRule Name Enter a name (up to 31 printable English keyboard characters, not including spaces) for this schedule. Day Select check boxes for the days that you want the Device to perform this scheduler rule. Time if Day Range Enter the time period of each day, in 24-hour format, during which the rule will be enforced. Description Enter a description for this scheduler rule.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 211CHAPTER 19Certificates19.1 OverviewThe Device can use certificates (also called digital IDs) to authenticate users. Certificates are based on public-private key pairs. A certificate contains the certificate owner’s identity and public key. Certificates provide a way to exchange public keys for use in authentication. 19.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•The Local Certificates screen lets you generate certification requests and import the Device's CA-signed certificates (Section 19.4 on page 214).•The Trusted CA screen lets you save the certificates of trusted CAs to the Device (Section 19.4 on page 214).19.2 What You Need to KnowThe following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.Certification Authority A Certification Authority (CA) issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner. There are commercial certification authorities like CyberTrust or VeriSign and government certification authorities. The certification authority uses its private key to sign certificates. Anyone can then use the certification authority's public key to verify the certificates. You can use the Device to generate certification requests that contain identifying information and public keys and then send the certification requests to a certification authority.19.3 The Local Certificates ScreenClick Security > Certificates to open the Local Certificates screen. This is the Device’s summary list of certificates and certification requests. Figure 127 Security > Certificates > Local Certificates
Chapter 19 CertificatesVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide212The following table describes the labels in this screen. 19.3.1 Create Certificate Request Click Security > Certificates > Local Certificates and then Create Certificate Request to open the following screen. Use this screen to have the Device generate a certification request.Figure 128 Create Certificate RequestTable 96 Security > Certificates > Local CertificatesLABEL DESCRIPTIONPrivate Key is protected by a passwordSelect the checkbox and enter the private key into the text box to store it on the Device. The private key should not exceed 63 ASCII characters (not including spaces). Browse... Click this to find the certificate file you want to upload. Import Certificate Click this button to save the certificate that you have enrolled from a certification authority from your computer to the Device.Create Certificate Request Click this button to go to the screen where you can have the Device generate a certification request.Current File This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. It is recommended that you give each certificate a unique name. Subject This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s owner, such as CN (Common Name), OU (Organizational Unit or department), O (Organization or company) and C (Country). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information. Issuer This field displays identifying information about the certificate’s issuing certification authority, such as a common name, organizational unit or department, organization or company and country.Valid From This field displays the date that the certificate becomes applicable. The text displays in red and includes a Not Yet Valid! message if the certificate has not yet become applicable.Valid To This field displays the date that the certificate expires. The text displays in red and includes an Expiring! or Expired! message if the certificate is about to expire or has already expired.Modify Click the View icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate (or certification request).For a certification request, click Load Signed to import the signed certificate.Click the Remove icon to delete the certificate (or certification request). You cannot delete a certificate that one or more features is configured to use.
Chapter 19 CertificatesVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 213The following table describes the labels in this screen. After you click Apply, the following screen displays to notify you that you need to get the certificate request signed by a Certificate Authority. If you already have, click Load_Signed to import the signed certificate into the Device. Otherwise click Back to return to the Local Certificates screen. Figure 129 Certificate Request Created19.3.2 Load Signed Certificate After you create a certificate request and have it signed by a Certificate Authority, in the Local Certificates screen click the certificate request’s Load Signed icon to import the signed certificate into the Device. Table 97 Create Certificate RequestLABEL DESCRIPTIONCertificate Name Type up to 63 ASCII characters (not including spaces) to identify this certificate. Common Name Select Auto to have the Device configure this field automatically. Or select Customize to enter it manually. Type the IP address (in dotted decimal notation), domain name or e-mail address in the field provided. The domain name or e-mail address can be up to 63 ASCII characters. The domain name or e-mail address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.Organization Name Type up to 63 characters to identify the company or group to which the certificate owner belongs. You may use any character, including spaces, but the Device drops trailing spaces.State/Province Name Type up to 32 characters to identify the state or province where the certificate owner is located. You may use any character, including spaces, but the Device drops trailing spaces.Country/Region Name Select a country to identify the nation where the certificate owner is located. Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
Chapter 19 CertificatesVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide214Note: You must remove any spaces from the certificate’s filename before you can import it.Figure 130 Load Signed Certificate The following table describes the labels in this screen. 19.4 The Trusted CA ScreenClick Security > Certificates > Trusted CA to open the following screen. This screen displays a summary list of certificates of the certification authorities that you have set the Device to accept as trusted. The Device accepts any valid certificate signed by a certification authority on this list as Table 98 Load Signed CertificateLABEL DESCRIPTIONCertificate Name This is the name of the signed certificate. Certificate Copy and paste the signed certificate into the text box to store it on the Device.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
Chapter 19 CertificatesVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 215being trustworthy; thus you do not need to import any certificate that is signed by one of these certification authorities. Figure 131 Security > Certificates > Trusted CA The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 99 Security > Certificates > Trusted CALABEL DESCRIPTIONImport Certificate Click this button to open a screen where you can save the certificate of a certification authority that you trust to the Device.# This is the index number of the entry.Name This field displays the name used to identify this certificate. Subject This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), OU (Organizational Unit or department), Organization (O), State (ST) and Country (C). It is recommended that each certificate have unique subject information.Type This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. Modify Click the View icon to open a screen with an in-depth list of information about the certificate (or certification request).Click the Remove button to delete the certificate (or certification request). You cannot delete a certificate that one or more features is configured to use.
Chapter 19 CertificatesVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide21619.4.1 View Trusted CA CertificateClick the View icon in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. Use this screen to view in-depth information about the certification authority’s certificate.Figure 132 Trusted CA: View The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 100 Trusted CA: ViewLABEL DESCRIPTIONName This field displays the identifying name of this certificate. Type This field displays general information about the certificate. ca means that a Certification Authority signed the certificate. Subject This field displays information that identifies the owner of the certificate, such as Common Name (CN), Organizational Unit (OU), Organization (O) and Country (C).Certificate This read-only text box displays the certificate in Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) format. PEM uses base 64 to convert the binary certificate into a printable form. You can copy and paste the certificate into an e-mail to send to friends or colleagues or you can copy and paste the certificate into a text editor and save the file on a management computer for later distribution (via floppy disk for example).Back Click Back to return to the previous screen.
Chapter 19 CertificatesVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 21719.4.2 Import Trusted CA CertificateClick the Import Certificate button in the Trusted CA screen to open the following screen. The Device trusts any valid certificate signed by any of the imported trusted CA certificates.Figure 133 Trusted CA: Import Certificate The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 101 Trusted CA: Import CertificateLABEL DESCRIPTIONCertificate File Path Type in the location of the certificate you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it. Enable Trusted CA for 802.1x AuthenticationIf you select this checkbox, the trusted CA will be used for 802.1x authentication. The selected trusted CA will be displayed in the Network Setting > Broadband > 802.1x: Edit screen.Certificate Copy and paste the certificate into the text box to store it on the Device.OK Click OK to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 219CHAPTER 20VPN20.1 OverviewA virtual private network (VPN) provides secure communications over the the Internet. Internet Protocol Security (IPSec) is a standards-based VPN that provides confidentiality, data integrity, and authentication. This chapter shows you how to configure the Device’s VPN settings.20.2 The IPSec VPN General ScreenUse this screen to view and manage your VPN tunnel policies. The following figure helps explain the main fields in the web configurator. Figure 134 IPSec Fields SummaryClick Security > IPSec VPN to open this screen as shown next.Figure 135 Security > IPSec VPNLocal Network Remote NetworkVPN Tunnel
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide220This screen contains the following fields:20.3 The IPSec VPN Add/Edit ScreenUse these settings to add or edit VPN policies. Click the Add New Connection button in the Security > VPN screen to open this screen as shown next.Table 102 Security > IPSec VPNLABEL DESCRIPTIONAdd New Connection Click this button to add an item to the list.# This displays the index number of an entry.Status This displays whether the VPN policy is enabled (Enable) or not (Disable).Connection Name The name of the VPN policy.Remote Gateway This is the IP address of the remote IPSec router in the IKE SA.Local Addresses This displays the IP address(es) on the LAN behind your Device.Remote Addresses This displays the IP address(es) on the LAN behind the remote IPSec’s router.Delete Click the Edit icon to modify the VPN policy.Click the Delete icon to delete the VPN policy.
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 221Figure 136 Security > IPSec VPN: Add/Edit This screen contains the following fields: Table 103 Security > IPSec VPN: Add/EditLABEL DESCRIPTIONActive Select this to activate this VPN policy.IPSec Connection Name Enter the name of the VPN policy.Remote IPSec Gateway Address Enter the IP address of the remote IPSec router in the IKE SA.Tunnel access from local IP addressesSelect Single Address to have only one local LAN IP address use the VPN tunnel. Select Subnet to specify local LAN IP addresses by their subnet mask.
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide222IP Address for VPN If Single Address is selected, enter a (static) IP address on the LAN behind your Device. If Subnet is selected, specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask by entering a (static) IP address on the LAN behind your Device. Then enter the subnet mask to identify the network address.IP Subnetmask If Subnet is selected, enter the subnet mask to identify the network address.Tunnel access from remote IP addressesSelect Single Address to have only one remote LAN IP address use the VPN tunnel. Select Subnet to specify remote LAN IP addresses by their subnet mask.IP Address for VPN If Single Address is selected, enter a (static) IP address on the LAN behind the remote IPSec’s router. If Subnet is selected, specify IP addresses on a network by their subnet mask by entering a (static) IP address on the LAN behind the remote IPSec’s router. Then enter the subnet mask to identify the network address.IP Subnetmask If Subnet is selected, enter the subnet mask to identify the network address.Protocol Select which protocol you want to use in the IPSec SA. Choices are:AH (RFC 2402) - provides integrity, authentication, sequence integrity (replay resistance), and non-repudiation but not encryption. If you select AH, you must select an Integraty Algorithm.ESP (RFC 2406) - provides encryption and the same services offered by AH, but its authentication is weaker. If you select ESP, you must select an Encryption Agorithm and Integraty Algorithm.Both AH and ESP increase processing requirements and latency (delay). The Device and remote IPSec router must use the same active protocol.Key Exchange Method Select the key exchange method:Auto(IKE) - Select this to use automatic IKE key management VPN connection policy.Manual - Select this option to configure a VPN connection policy that uses a manual key instead of IKE key management. This may be useful if you have problems with IKE key management. Note: Only use manual key as a temporary solution, because it is not as secure as a regular IPSec SA.Authentication Method Select Pre-Shared Key to use a pre-shared key for authentication, and type in your pre-shared key. A pre-shared key identifies a communicating party during a phase 1 IKE negotiation. It is called "pre-shared" because you have to share it with another party before you can communicate with them over a secure connection. Select Certificate (X.509) to use a certificate for authentication.Pre-Shared Key Type your pre-shared key in this field. A pre-shared key identifies a communicating party during a phase 1 IKE negotiation. Type from 8 to 31 case-sensitive ASCII characters or from 16 to 62 hexadecimal ("0-9", "A-F") characters. You must precede a hexadecimal key with a "0x” (zero x), which is not counted as part of the 16 to 62 character range for the key. For example, in "0x0123456789ABCDEF", “0x” denotes that the key is hexadecimal and “0123456789ABCDEF” is the key itself.Local ID Type Select IP to identify the Device by its IP address. Select E-mail to identify this Device by an e-mail address.Select DNS to identify this Device by a domain name.Select ASN1DN (Abstract Syntax Notation one - Distinguished Name) to this Device by the subject field in a certificate. This is used only with certificate-based authentication.Table 103 Security > IPSec VPN: Add/EditLABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 223Local ID Content When you select IP in the Local ID Type field, type the IP address of your computer in this field. If you configure this field to 0.0.0.0 or leave it blank, the Device automatically uses the Pre-Shared Key (refer to the Pre-Shared Key field description). It is recommended that you type an IP address other than 0.0.0.0 in this field or use the DNS or E-mail type in the following situations.• When there is a NAT router between the two IPSec routers. • When you want the remote IPSec router to be able to distinguish between VPN connection requests that come in from IPSec routers with dynamic WAN IP addresses. When you select DNS or E-mail in the Local ID Type field, type a domain name or e-mail address by which to identify this Device in this field. Use up to 31 ASCII characters including spaces, although trailing spaces are truncated. The domain name or e-mail address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.Remote ID Type Select IP to identify the remote IPSec router by its IP address.Select E-mail to identify the remote IPSec router by an e-mail address.Select DNS to identify the remote IPSec router by a domain name.Select ASN1DN to identify the remote IPSec router by the subject field in a certificate. This is used only with certificate-based authentication.Remote ID Content The configuration of the remote content depends on the remote ID type.For IP, type the IP address of the computer with which you will make the VPN connection. If you configure this field to 0.0.0.0 or leave it blank, the Device will use the address in the Remote IPSec Gateway Address field (refer to the Remote IPSec Gateway Address field description).For DNS or E-mail, type a domain name or e-mail address by which to identify the remote IPSec router. Use up to 31 ASCII characters including spaces, although trailing spaces are truncated. The domain name or e-mail address is for identification purposes only and can be any string.It is recommended that you type an IP address other than 0.0.0.0 or use the DNS or E-mail ID type in the following situations:• When there is a NAT router between the two IPSec routers. • When you want the Device to distinguish between VPN connection requests that come in from remote IPSec routers with dynamic WAN IP addresses.Advanced IKE Settings Click more to display advanced settings. Click less to display basic settings only.NAT_Traversal Select Enable if you want to set up a VPN tunnel when there are NAT routers between the Device and remote IPSec router. The remote IPSec router must also enable NAT traversal, and the NAT routers have to forward UDP port 500 packets to the remote IPSec router behind the NAT router. Otherwise, select Disable.Phase 1Mode Select the negotiation mode to use to negotiate the IKE SA. Choices are:Main - this encrypts the Device’s and remote IPSec router’s identities but takes more time to establish the IKE SA.Aggressive - this is faster but does not encrypt the identities.The Device and the remote IPSec router must use the same negotiation mode.Table 103 Security > IPSec VPN: Add/EditLABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide224Encryption Algorithm Select which key size and encryption algorithm to use in the IKE SA. Choices are:DES - a 56-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm3DES - a 168-bit key with the DES encryption algorithmAES - 128 - a 128-bit key with the AES encryption algorithmAES - 196 - a 196-bit key with the AES encryption algorithmAES - 256 - a 256-bit key with the AES encryption algorithmThe Device and the remote IPSec router must use the same key size and encryption algorithm. Longer keys require more processing power, resulting in increased latency and decreased throughput.Integrity Algorithm Select which hash algorithm to use to authenticate packet data. Choices are MD5, SHA1. SHA is generally considered stronger than MD5, but it is also slower.Select Diffie-Hellman Group for Key Exchange Select which Diffie-Hellman key group you want to use for encryption keys. Choices for number of bits in the random number are: 768, 1024, 1536, 2048, 3072, 4096.The longer the key, the more secure the encryption, but also the longer it takes to encrypt and decrypt information. Both routers must use the same DH key group.Key Life Time Define the length of time before an IPSec SA automatically renegotiates in this field.A short SA Life Time increases security by forcing the two VPN gateways to update the encryption and authentication keys. However, every time the VPN tunnel renegotiates, all users accessing remote resources are temporarily disconnected. Phase 2Encryption Algorithm Select which key size and encryption algorithm to use in the IKE SA. Choices are:DES - a 56-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm3DES - a 168-bit key with the DES encryption algorithmAES - 128 - a 128-bit key with the AES encryption algorithmAES - 192 - a 196-bit key with the AES encryption algorithmAES - 256 - a 256-bit key with the AES encryption algorithmSelect ESP_NULL to set up a tunnel without encryption. When you select ESP_NULL, you do not enter an encryption key.The Device and the remote IPSec router must use the same key size and encryption algorithm. Longer keys require more processing power, resulting in increased latency and decreased throughput.Integrity Algorithm Select which hash algorithm to use to authenticate packet data. Choices are MD5 and SHA1. SHA is generally considered stronger than MD5, but it is also slower.Table 103 Security > IPSec VPN: Add/EditLABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 225Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS) Select whether or not you want to enable Perfect Forward Secrecy (PFS)PFS changes the root key that is used to generate encryption keys for each IPSec SA. The longer the key, the more secure the encryption, but also the longer it takes to encrypt and decrypt information. Both routers must use the same DH key group. Choices are:None - do not use any random number.768bit(DH Group1) - use a 768-bit random number1024bit(DH Group2) - use a 1024-bit random number1536bit(DH Group5) - use a 1536-bit random number2048bit(DH Group14) - use a 2048-bit random number3072bit(DH Group15) - use a 3072-bit random number4096bit(DH Group16) - use a 4096-bit random numberKey Life Time Define the length of time before an IPSec SA automatically renegotiates in this field.A short SA Life Time increases security by forcing the two VPN gateways to update the encryption and authentication keys. However, every time the VPN tunnel renegotiates, all users accessing remote resources are temporarily disconnected. The following fields are available if you select Manual in the Key Exchange Method field.Encryption Algorithm Select which key size and encryption algorithm to use in the IKE SA. Choices are:DES - a 56-bit key with the DES encryption algorithm3DES - a 168-bit key with the DES encryption algorithmEPS_NULL - no encryption key or algorithmEncryption Key This field is applicable when you select an Encryption Algorithm. Enter the encryption key, which depends on the encryption algorithm.DES - type a unique key 16 hexadecimal characters long3DES - type a unique key 48 hexadecimal characters longAuthentication Algorithm Select which hash algorithm to use to authenticate packet data. Choices are MD5, SHA1. SHA is generally considered stronger than MD5, but it is also slower.Authentication Key Enter the authentication key, which depends on the authentication algorithm.MD5 - type a unique key 32 hexadecimal characters longSHA1 - type a unique key 40 hexadecimal characters longSPI Type a unique SPI (Security Parameter Index) in hexadecimal characters.The SPI is used to identify the Device during authentication.The Device and remote IPSec router must use the same SPI.OK Click OK to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Table 103 Security > IPSec VPN: Add/EditLABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide22620.4 The IPSec VPN Monitor ScreenUse this screen to check your VPN tunnel’s current status. You can also manually trigger a VPN tunnel to the remote network. Click Security > IPSec VPN > Monitor to open this screen as shown next.Figure 137 Security > IPSec VPN > MonitorThis screen contains the following fields:20.5 Technical ReferenceThis section provides some technical background information about the topics covered in this section.20.5.1 IPSec ArchitectureThe overall IPSec architecture is shown as follows.Table 104 Security > IPSec VPN > MonitorLABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Interval Select how often you want the Device to update this screen. Select No Refresh to have the Device stop updating the screen.Status This displays a green line between two hosts if the VPN tunnel has been established successfully. Otherwise, it displays a red line in between.Connection Name This displays the name of the VPN policy.Remote Gateway This is the IP address of the remote IPSec router in the IKE SA.Local Addresses This displays the IP address(es) on the LAN behind your Device.Remote Addresses This displays the IP address(es) on the LAN behind the remote IPSec router.Action Click Trigger to establish a VPN connection with the remote network.
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 227Figure 138 IPSec ArchitectureIPSec AlgorithmsThe ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload) Protocol (RFC 2406) and AH (Authentication Header) protocol (RFC 2402) describe the packet formats and the default standards for packet structure (including implementation algorithms).The Encryption Algorithm describes the use of encryption techniques such as DES (Data Encryption Standard) and Triple DES algorithms.The Authentication Algorithms, HMAC-MD5 (RFC 2403) and HMAC-SHA-1 (RFC 2404, provide an authentication mechanism for the AH and ESP protocols. Key ManagementKey management allows you to determine whether to use IKE (ISAKMP) or manual key configuration in order to set up a VPN.20.5.2 EncapsulationThe two modes of operation for IPSec VPNs are Transport mode and Tunnel mode. At the time of writing, the Device supports Tunnel mode only.Figure 139 Transport and Tunnel Mode IPSec Encapsulation
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide228Transport ModeTransport mode is used to protect upper layer protocols and only affects the data in the IP packet. In Transport mode, the IP packet contains the security protocol (AH or ESP) located after the original IP header and options, but before any upper layer protocols contained in the packet (such as TCP and UDP). With ESP, protection is applied only to the upper layer protocols contained in the packet. The IP header information and options are not used in the authentication process. Therefore, the originating IP address cannot be verified for integrity against the data. With the use of AH as the security protocol, protection is extended forward into the IP header to verify the integrity of the entire packet by use of portions of the original IP header in the hashing process.Tunnel Mode Tunnel mode encapsulates the entire IP packet to transmit it securely. A Tunnel mode is required for gateway services to provide access to internal systems. Tunnel mode is fundamentally an IP tunnel with authentication and encryption. This is the most common mode of operation. Tunnel mode is required for gateway to gateway and host to gateway communications. Tunnel mode communications have two sets of IP headers:•Outside header: The outside IP header contains the destination IP address of the VPN gateway.•Inside header: The inside IP header contains the destination IP address of the final system behind the VPN gateway. The security protocol appears after the outer IP header and before the inside IP header. 20.5.3 IKE PhasesThere are two phases to every IKE (Internet Key Exchange) negotiation – phase 1 (Authentication) and phase 2 (Key Exchange). A phase 1 exchange establishes an IKE SA and the second one uses that SA to negotiate SAs for IPSec.
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 229Figure 140 Two Phases to Set Up the IPSec SAIn phase 1 you must:• Choose a negotiation mode.• Authenticate the connection by entering a pre-shared key.• Choose an encryption algorithm.• Choose an authentication algorithm.• Choose a Diffie-Hellman public-key cryptography key group.• Set the IKE SA lifetime. This field allows you to determine how long an IKE SA should stay up before it times out. An IKE SA times out when the IKE SA lifetime period expires. If an IKE SA times out when an IPSec SA is already established, the IPSec SA stays connected.In phase 2 you must:• Choose an encryption algorithm.• Choose an authentication algorithm• Choose a Diffie-Hellman public-key cryptography key group.• Set the IPSec SA lifetime. This field allows you to determine how long the IPSec SA should stay up before it times out. The Device automatically renegotiates the IPSec SA if there is traffic when the IPSec SA lifetime period expires. If an IPSec SA times out, then the IPSec router must renegotiate the SA the next time someone attempts to send traffic.20.5.4 Negotiation ModeThe phase 1 Negotiation Mode you select determines how the Security Association (SA) will be established for each connection through IKE negotiations. •Main Mode ensures the highest level of security when the communicating parties are negotiating authentication (phase 1). It uses 6 messages in three round trips: SA negotiation, Diffie-Hellman exchange and an exchange of nonces (a nonce is a random number). This mode features identity protection (your identity is not revealed in the negotiation).
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide230•Aggressive Mode is quicker than Main Mode because it eliminates several steps when the communicating parties are negotiating authentication (phase 1). However the trade-off is that faster speed limits its negotiating power and it also does not provide identity protection. It is useful in remote access situations where the address of the initiator is not know by the responder and both parties want to use pre-shared key authentication.20.5.5 IPSec and NATRead this section if you are running IPSec on a host computer behind the Device.NAT is incompatible with the AH protocol in both Transport and Tunnel mode. An IPSec VPN using the AH protocol digitally signs the outbound packet, both data payload and headers, with a hash value appended to the packet. When using AH protocol, packet contents (the data payload) are not encrypted.A NAT device in between the IPSec endpoints will rewrite either the source or destination address with one of its own choosing. The VPN device at the receiving end will verify the integrity of the incoming packet by computing its own hash value, and complain that the hash value appended to the received packet doesn't match. The VPN device at the receiving end doesn't know about the NAT in the middle, so it assumes that the data has been maliciously altered.IPSec using ESP in Tunnel mode encapsulates the entire original packet (including headers) in a new IP packet. The new IP packet's source address is the outbound address of the sending VPN gateway, and its destination address is the inbound address of the VPN device at the receiving end. When using ESP protocol with authentication, the packet contents (in this case, the entire original packet) are encrypted. The encrypted contents, but not the new headers, are signed with a hash value appended to the packet.Tunnel mode ESP with authentication is compatible with NAT because integrity checks are performed over the combination of the "original header plus original payload," which is unchanged by a NAT device. Transport mode ESP with authentication is not compatible with NAT.20.5.6 VPN, NAT, and NAT TraversalNAT is incompatible with the AH protocol in both transport and tunnel mode. An IPSec VPN using the AH protocol digitally signs the outbound packet, both data payload and headers, with a hash value appended to the packet, but a NAT device between the IPSec endpoints rewrites the source or destination address. As a result, the VPN device at the receiving end finds a mismatch between the hash value and the data and assumes that the data has been maliciously altered.NAT is not normally compatible with ESP in transport mode either, but the Device’s NAT Traversal feature provides a way to handle this. NAT traversal allows you to set up an IKE SA when there are NAT routers between the two IPSec routers.Table 105 VPN and NATSECURITY PROTOCOL MODE NATAH Transport NAH Tunnel NESP Transport NESP Tunnel Y
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 231Figure 141 NAT Router Between IPSec RoutersNormally you cannot set up an IKE SA with a NAT router between the two IPSec routers because the NAT router changes the header of the IPSec packet. NAT traversal solves the problem by adding a UDP port 500 header to the IPSec packet. The NAT router forwards the IPSec packet with the UDP port 500 header unchanged. In the above figure, when IPSec router A tries to establish an IKE SA, IPSec router B checks the UDP port 500 header, and IPSec routers A and B build the IKE SA.For NAT traversal to work, you must:• Use ESP security protocol (in either transport or tunnel mode).•Use IKE keying mode.• Enable NAT traversal on both IPSec endpoints.• Set the NAT router to forward UDP port 500 to IPSec router A.Finally, NAT is compatible with ESP in tunnel mode because integrity checks are performed over the combination of the "original header plus original payload," which is unchanged by a NAT device. The compatibility of AH and ESP with NAT in tunnel and transport modes is summarized in the following table.Y* - This is supported in the Device if you enable NAT traversal.20.5.7 ID Type and ContentWith aggressive negotiation mode (see Section 20.5.4 on page 229), the Device identifies incoming SAs by ID type and content since this identifying information is not encrypted. This enables the Device to distinguish between multiple rules for SAs that connect from remote IPSec routers that have dynamic WAN IP addresses.Regardless of the ID type and content configuration, the Device does not allow you to save multiple active rules with overlapping local and remote IP addresses.With main mode (see Section 20.5.4 on page 229), the ID type and content are encrypted to provide identity protection. In this case the Device can only distinguish between up to 12 different incoming SAs that connect from remote IPSec routers that have dynamic WAN IP addresses. The Device can distinguish up to 48 incoming SAs because you can select between three encryption algorithms (DES, 3DES and AES), two authentication algorithms (MD5 and SHA1) and eight key groups when you configure a VPN rule (see Section 20.2 on page 219). The ID type and content act as an extra level of identification for incoming SAs.Table 106 VPN and NATSECURITY PROTOCOL MODE NATAH Transport NAH Tunnel NESP Transport Y*ESP Tunnel YAB
Chapter 20 VPNVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide232The type of ID can be a domain name, an IP address or an e-mail address. The content is the IP address, domain name, or e-mail address. 20.5.7.1 ID Type and Content ExamplesTwo IPSec routers must have matching ID type and content configuration in order to set up a VPN tunnel. The two Devices in this example can complete negotiation and establish a VPN tunnel.The two Devices in this example cannot complete their negotiation because Device B’s Local ID Type is IP, but Device A’s Remote ID Type is set to E-mail. An “ID mismatched” message displays in the IPSEC LOG. 20.5.8 Pre-Shared KeyA pre-shared key identifies a communicating party during a phase 1 IKE negotiation (see Section 20.5.3 on page 228 for more on IKE phases). It is called “pre-shared” because you have to share it with another party before you can communicate with them over a secure connection.20.5.9 Diffie-Hellman (DH) Key GroupsDiffie-Hellman (DH) is a public-key cryptography protocol that allows two parties to establish a shared secret over an unsecured communications channel. Diffie-Hellman is used within IKE SA setup to establish session keys. Upon completion of the Diffie-Hellman exchange, the two peers have a shared secret, but the IKE SA is not authenticated. For authentication, use pre-shared keys.Table 107 Local ID Type and Content FieldsLOCAL ID TYPE= CONTENT=IP Type the IP address of your computer.DNS Type a domain name (up to 31 characters) by which to identify this Device.E-mail Type an e-mail address (up to 31 characters) by which to identify this Device.The domain name or e-mail address that you use in the Local ID Content field is used for identification purposes only and does not need to be a real domain name or e-mail address.Table 108 Matching ID Type and Content Configuration ExampleDevice A Device BLocal ID type: E-mail Local ID type: IPLocal ID content: tom@yourcompany.com Local ID content: 1.1.1.2Remote ID type: IP Remote ID type: E-mailRemote ID content: 1.1.1.2 Remote ID content: tom@yourcompany.comTable 109 Mismatching ID Type and Content Configuration ExampleDEVICE A DEVICE BLocal ID type: IP Local ID type: IPLocal ID content: 1.1.1.10 Local ID content: 1.1.1.2Remote ID type: E-mail Remote ID type: IPRemote ID content: aa@yahoo.com Remote ID content: 1.1.1.0
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 233CHAPTER 21Voice21.1 OverviewUse this chapter to:• Connect an analog phone to the Device.• Make phone calls over the Internet, as well as the regular phone network.• Configure settings such as speed dial.• Configure network settings to optimize the voice quality of your phone calls.21.1.1 What You Can Do in this ChapterThese screens allow you to configure your Device to make phone calls over the Internet and your regular phone line, and to set up the phones you connect to the Device.•Use the SIP Account screen (Section 21.3 on page 234) to set up information about your SIP account, control which SIP accounts the phones connected to the Device use and configure audio settings such as volume levels for the phones connected to the Device.•Use the SIP Service Provider screen (Section 21.4 on page 239) to configure the SIP server information, QoS for VoIP calls, the numbers for certain phone functions, and dialing plan. •Use the PhoneRegion screen (Section 21.5 on page 247) to change settings that depend on the country you are in.•Use the Call Rule screen (Section 21.6 on page 247) to set up shortcuts for dialing frequently-used (VoIP) phone numbers.•Use the Call History Summary screen (Section 21.7 on page 248) to view the summary list of received, dialed and missed calls.•Use the Call History Outgoing screen (Section 21.8 on page 249) to view detailed information for each outgoing call you made.•Use the Call History Incoming screen (Section 21.9 on page 249) to view detailed information for each incoming call from someone calling you.You don’t necessarily need to use all these screens to set up your account. In fact, if your service provider did not supply information on a particular field in a screen, it is usually best to leave it at its default setting.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide23421.1.2 What You Need to Know About VoIPVoIPVoIP stands for Voice over IP. IP is the Internet Protocol, which is the message-carrying standard the Internet runs on. So, Voice over IP is the sending of voice signals (speech) over the Internet (or another network that uses the Internet Protocol).SIPSIP stands for Session Initiation Protocol. SIP is a signalling standard that lets one network device (like a computer or the Device) send messages to another. In VoIP, these messages are about phone calls over the network. For example, when you dial a number on your Device, it sends a SIP message over the network asking the other device (the number you dialed) to take part in the call. SIP AccountsA SIP account is a type of VoIP account. It is an arrangement with a service provider that lets you make phone calls over the Internet. When you set the Device to use your SIP account to make calls, the Device is able to send all the information about the phone call to your service provider on the Internet.Strictly speaking, you don’t need a SIP account. It is possible for one SIP device (like the Device) to call another without involving a SIP service provider. However, the networking difficulties involved in doing this make it tremendously impractical under normal circumstances. Your SIP account provider removes these difficulties by taking care of the call routing and setup - figuring out how to get your call to the right place in a way that you and the other person can talk to one another. How to Find Out MoreSee Chapter 4 on page 37 for a tutorial showing how to set up these screens in an example scenario.See Section 21.10 on page 250 for advanced technical information on SIP.21.2 Before You Begin• Before you can use these screens, you need to have a VoIP account already set up. If you don’t have one yet, you can sign up with a VoIP service provider over the Internet. • You should have the information your VoIP service provider gave you ready, before you start to configure the Device.21.3 The SIP Account Screen The Device uses a SIP account to make outgoing VoIP calls and check if an incoming call’s destination number matches your SIP account’s SIP number. In order to make or receive a VoIP
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 235call, you need to enable and configure a SIP account, and map it to a phone port. The SIP account contains information that allows your Device to connect to your VoIP service provider.See Section 21.3.1 on page 235 for how to map a SIP account to a phone port.Use this screen to view SIP account information. You can also enable and disable each SIP account. To access this screen, click VoIP > SIP > SIP Account.Figure 142 VoIP > SIP > SIP AccountEach field is described in the following table.21.3.1 The SIP Account Add/Edit Screen Use this screen to configure a SIP account and map it to a phone port. To access this screen, click the Add new account button or click the Edit icon of an entry in the VoIP > SIP > SIP Account screen.Table 110 VoIP > SIP > SIP AccountLABEL DESCRIPTIONAdd new account Click this to configure a SIP account.# This is the index number of the entry.Active This shows whether the SIP account is activated or not.A yellow bulb signifies that this SIP account is activated. A gray bulb signifies that this SIP account is not activated.SIP Account This shows the name of the SIP account.Service Provider This shows the name of the SIP service provider.Account No. This shows the SIP number.Modify Click the Edit icon to configure the SIP account.Click the Delete icon to delete this SIP account from the Device.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide236Note: Click more to see all the fields in the screen. You don’t necessarily need to use all these fields to set up your account. Click less to see and configure only the fields needed for this feature. Figure 143 VoIP > SIP > SIP Account > Add new accoun/EditEach field is described in the following table.Table 111 VoIP > SIP > SIP Account > Add new accoun/EditLABEL DESCRIPTIONSIP Account Selection This field displays ADD_NEW if you are creating a new SIP account or the SIP account you are modifying.SIP Service Provider AssociationSelect the SIP service provider profile to use for the SIP account you are configuring in this screen. This field is read-only when you are modifying a SIP account.GeneralEnable SIP Account Select this if you want the Device to use this account. Clear it if you do not want the Device to use this account.SIP Account Number Enter your SIP number. In the full SIP URI, this is the part before the @ symbol. You can use up to 127 printable ASCII characters.AuthenticationUsername Enter the user name for registering this SIP account, exactly as it was given to you. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII characters.Password Enter the user name for registering this SIP account, exactly as it was given to you. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII Extended set characters.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 237Apply To Phone Select a phone port on which you want to make or receive phone calls for this SIP account.If you map a phone port to more than one SIP account, there is no way to distinguish between the SIP accounts when you receive phone calls. The Device uses the most recently registered SIP account first when you make an outgoing call.If a phone port is not mapped to a SIP account, you cannot receive or make any calls on the phone connected to this phone port.more/less Click more to display and edit more information for the SIP account. Click less to display and configure the basic SIP account settings.URI Type Select whether or not to include the SIP service domain name when the Device sends the SIP number.SIP - include the SIP service domain name.TEL - do not include the SIP service domain name.Voice FeaturesPrimary Compression TypeSecondary Compression TypeThird Compression TypeSelect the type of voice coder/decoder (codec) that you want the Device to use. G.711 provides high voice quality but requires more bandwidth (64 kbps). G.711 is the default codec used by phone companies and digital handsets.•G.711a is typically used in Europe.•G.711u is typically used in North America and Japan.G.726-24 operates at 24 kbps.G.726-32 operates at 32 kbps.G.722 is a 7 KHz wideband voice codec that operates at 48, 56 and 64 kbps. By using a sample rate of 16 kHz, G.722 can provide higher fidelity and better audio quality than narrowband codecs like G.711, in which the voice signal is sampled at 8 KHz.The Device must use the same codec as the peer. When two SIP devices start a SIP session, they must agree on a codec.Select the Device’s first choice for voice coder/decoder.Select the Device’s second choice for voice coder/decoder. Select None if you only want the Device to accept the first choice.Select the Device’s third choice for voice coder/decoder. Select None if you only want the Device to accept the first or second choice.Speaking Volume Control Select the loudness that the Device uses for speech that it sends to the peer device. -12 is the quietest, and 12 is the loudest.Listening Volume Control Select the loudness that the Device uses for speech that it receives from the peer device.-12 is the quietest, and 12 is the loudest.Enable G.168 (Echo Cancellation) Select this if you want to eliminate the echo caused by the sound of your voice reverberating in the telephone receiver while you talk.Enable VAD (Voice Active Detector)Select this if the Device should stop transmitting when you are not speaking. This reduces the bandwidth the Device uses.Call Features Table 111 VoIP > SIP > SIP Account > Add new accoun/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide238Send Caller ID Select this if you want to send identification when you make VoIP phone calls. Clear this if you do not want to send identification.Enable Call Transfer Select this to enable call transfer on the Device. This allows you to transfer an incoming call (that you have answered) to another phone.Enable Call Waiting Select this to enable call waiting on the Device. This allows you to place a call on hold while you answer another incoming call on the same telephone number.Call Waiting Reject Timer Specify a time of seconds that the Device waits before rejecting the second call if you do not answer it.Enable Unconditional ForwardSelect this if you want the Device to forward all incoming calls to the specified phone number. Specify the phone number in the To Number field on the right.Enable Busy Forward Select this if you want the Device to forward incoming calls to the specified phone number if the phone port is busy. Specify the phone number in the To Number field on the right.If you have call waiting, the incoming call is forwarded to the specified phone number if you reject or ignore the second incoming call.Enable No Answer Forward Select this if you want the Device to forward incoming calls to the specified phone number if the call is unanswered. (See No Answer Time.) Specify the phone number in the To Number field on the right.No Answer Time This field is used by the Active No Answer Forward feature.Enter the number of seconds the Device should wait for you to answer an incoming call before it considers the call is unanswered.Enable Do Not Disturb Select this to set your phone to not ring when someone calls you.Enable Anonymous Call Block Select this if you do not want the phone to ring when someone tries to call you with caller ID deactivated.Enable Call Completion on Busy Subscriber (CCBS)When you make a phone call but hear a busy tone, Call Completion on Busy Subscriber (CCBS) allows you to enable auto-callback by pressing 5 and hanging up the phone. The Device then tries to call that phone number every minute since after you hang up the phone. When the called party becomes available within the CCBS timeout period (60 minutes by default), both phones ring.• If the called party’s phone rings because of CCBS but no one answers the phone after 180 seconds, you will hear a busy tone. You can enable CCBS on the called number again.• If you manually call the number on which you have enabled CCBS before the CCBS timeout period expires, the Device disables CCBS on the called number.• If you call a second number before the first called number’s CCBS timeout period expires, the Device stops calling the first number until you finish the second call.Select this option to activate CCBS on the Device.MWI (Message Waiting Indication) Select this if you want to hear a waiting (beeping) dial tone on your phone when you have at least one voice message. Your VoIP service provider must support this feature.Expiration Time Keep the default value for this field, unless your VoIP service provider tells you to change it. Enter the number of seconds the SIP server should provide the message waiting service each time the Device subscribes to the service. Before this time passes, the Device automatically subscribes again.Hot Line / Warm Line Enable Select this to enable the hot line or warm line feature on the Device.Table 111 VoIP > SIP > SIP Account > Add new accoun/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 23921.4 The SIP Service Provider Screen Use this screen to view the SIP service provider information on the Device. Click VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider to open the following screen. Figure 144 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service ProviderWarm Line Select this to have the Device dial the specified warm line number after you pick up the telephone and do not press any keys on the keypad for a period of time.Hot Line Select this to have the Device dial the specified hot line number immediately when you pick up the telephone.Hot Line / Warm Line number Enter the number of the hot line or warm line that you want the Device to dial.Warm Line Timer Enter a number of seconds that the Device waits before dialing the warm line number if you pick up the telephone and do not press any keys on the keypad.Enable Missed Call Email NotificationSelect this option to have the Device e-mail you a notification when there is a missed call.Mail Server Select a mail server for the e-mail address specified below. If you select None here, e-mail notifications will not be sent via e-mail.You must have configured a mail server already in the Email Notification screen.Send Notification to EmailNotifications are sent to the e-mail address specified in this field. If this field is left blank, notifications will not be sent via e-mail.Missed Call Email Title Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the e-mail notifications that the Device sends.Early Media Select this option if you want people to hear a customized recording when they call you.IVR Play Index Select the tone you want people to hear when they call you.This field is configurable only when you select Early Media. See Section 21.10 on page 250 for information on how to record these tones.Music On Hold Select this option to play a customized recording when you put people on hold.IVR Play Index Select the tone to play when you put someone on hold.This field is configurable only when you select Music On Hold. See Section 21.10 on page 250 for information on how to record these tones.Apply Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the Device.Cancel Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.Table 111 VoIP > SIP > SIP Account > Add new accoun/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide240Each field is described in the following table.21.4.1 The SIP Service Provider Add/Edit Screen Use this screen to configure a SIP service provider on the Device. Click the Add new provider button or an Edit icon in the VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider to open the following screen. Table 112 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service ProviderLABEL DESCRIPTIONAdd new provider# This is the index number of the entry.SIP Service Provider Name This shows the name of the SIP service provider.SIP Server Address This shows the IP address or domain name of the SIP server.REGISTER Server Address This shows the IP address or domain name of the SIP register server.SIP Service Domain This shows the SIP service domain name.Modify Click the Edit icon to configure the SIP service provider.Click the Delete icon to delete this SIP service provider from the Device.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 241Note: Click more to see all the fields in the screen. You don’t necessarily need to use all these fields to set up your account. Click less to see and configure only the fields needed for this feature. Figure 145 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider > Add new provider/EditEach field is described in the following table.Table 113 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider > Add new provider/EditLABEL DESCRIPTIONSIP Service Provider SelectionService Provider SelectionSelect the SIP service provider profile you want to use for the SIP account you configure in this screen. If you change this field, the screen automatically refreshes. GeneralSIP Service Provider Name Enter the name of your SIP service provider. SIP Local Port Enter the Device’s listening port number, if your VoIP service provider gave you one. Otherwise, keep the default value.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide242SIP Server Address Enter the IP address or domain name of the SIP server provided by your VoIP service provider. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII characters. It does not matter whether the SIP server is a proxy, redirect or register server.SIP Server Port Enter the SIP server’s listening port number, if your VoIP service provider gave you one. Otherwise, keep the default value.REGISTER Server Address Enter the IP address or domain name of the SIP register server, if your VoIP service provider gave you one. Otherwise, enter the same address you entered in the SIP Server Address field. You can use up to 95 printable ASCII characters.REGISTER Server Port Enter the SIP register server’s listening port number, if your VoIP service provider gave you one. Otherwise, enter the same port number you entered in the SIP Server Port field.SIP Service Domain Enter the SIP service domain name. In the full SIP URI, this is the part after the @ symbol. You can use up to 127 printable ASCII Extended set characters.RFC SupportSupport Locating SIP Server (RFC3263)Select this option to have the Device use DNS procedures to resolve the SIP domain and find the SIP server’s IP address, port number and supported transport protocol(s).The Device first uses DNS Name Authority Pointer (NAPTR) records to determine the transport protocols supported by the SIP server. It then performs DNS Service (SRV) query to determine the port number for the protocol. The Device resolves the SIP server’s IP address by a standard DNS address record lookup.The SIP Server Port and REGISTER Server Port fields in the General section above are grayed out and not applicable and the Transport Type can also be set to AUTO if you select this option.RFC 3262(Require: 100rel)PRACK (RFC 3262) defines a mechanism to provide reliable transmission of SIP provisional response messages, which convey information on the processing progress of the request. This uses the option tag 100rel and the Provisional Response ACKnowledgement (PRACK) method.Select this to have the the peer device require the option tag 100rel to send provisional responses reliably.VoIP IOP Flags Select the VoIP inter-operability settings you want to activate.Replace dial digit '#' to '%23' in SIP messages Replace a dial digit “#” with “%23” in the INVITE messages.Remove ‘:5060’ and 'transport=udp' from request-uri in SIP messages Remove “:5060” and “transport=udp” from the “Request-URI” string in the REGISTER and INVITE packets.Remove the 'Route' header in SIP messages Remove the 'Route' header in SIP packets. Don't send re-Invite to the remote party when there are multiple codecs answered in the SDPDo not send a re-Invite packet to the remote party when the remote party answers that it can support multiple codecs.Bound Interface NameTable 113 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider > Add new provider/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 243Bound Interface Name If you select LAN or Any_WAN, the Device automatically activates the VoIP service when any LAN or WAN connection is up.If you select Multi_WAN, you also need to select two or more pre-configured WAN interfaces. The VoIP service is activated only when one of the selected WAN connections is up.Outbound ProxyOutbound Proxy Address Enter the IP address or domain name of the SIP outbound proxy server if your VoIP service provider has a SIP outbound server to handle voice calls. This allows the Device to work with any type of NAT router and eliminates the need for STUN or a SIP ALG. Turn off any SIP ALG on a NAT router in front of the Device to keep it from re-translating the IP address (since this is already handled by the outbound proxy server). Outbound Proxy Port Enter the SIP outbound proxy server’s listening port, if your VoIP service provider gave you one. Otherwise, keep the default value.RTP Port RangeStart PortEnd PortEnter the listening port number(s) for RTP traffic, if your VoIP service provider gave you this information. Otherwise, keep the default values.To enter one port number, enter the port number in the Start Port and End Port fields.To enter a range of ports,• enter the port number at the beginning of the range in the Start Port field.• enter the port number at the end of the range in the End Port field.SRTP SupportSRTP Support When you make a VoIP call using SIP, the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) is used to handle voice data transfer. The Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP) is a security profile of RTP. It is designed to provide encryption and authentication for the RTP data in both unicast and multicast applications.The Device supports encryption using AES with a 128-bit key. To protect data integrity, SRTP uses a Hash-based Message Authentication Code (HMAC) calculation with Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA)-1 to authenticate data. HMAC SHA-1 produces a 80 or 32-bit authentication tag that is appended to the packet.Both the caller and callee should use the same algorithms to establish an SRTP session.Crypto Suite Select the encryption and authentication algorithm set used by the Device to set up an SRTP media session with the peer device.Select AES_CM_128_HMAC_SHA1_80 or AES_CM_128_HMAC_SHA1_32 to enable both data encryption and authentication for voice data.Select AES_CM_128_NULL to use 128-bit data encryption but disable data authentication.Select NULL_CIPHER_HMAC_SHA1_80 to disable encryption but require authentication using the default 80-bit tag.DTMF ModeDTMF Mode Control how the Device handles the tones that your telephone makes when you push its buttons. You should use the same mode your VoIP service provider uses.RFC2833 - send the DTMF tones in RTP packets.PCM - send the DTMF tones in the voice data stream. This method works best when you are using a codec that does not use compression (like G.711). Codecs that use compression (like G.729 and G.726) can distort the tones.SIP INFO - send the DTMF tones in SIP messages.Transport TypeTransport Type Select the transport layer protocol UDP or TCP (usually UDP) used for SIP.Table 113 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider > Add new provider/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide244Ignore Direct IP Select Enable to have the connected CPE devices accept SIP requests only from the SIP proxy/register server specified above. SIP requests sent from other IP addresses will be ignored.FAX Option This field controls how the Device handles fax messages.G711 Fax Passthrough Select this if the Device should use G.711 to send fax messages. You have to also select which operating codec (G.711Mulaw or G.711Alaw) to use for encoding/decoding FAX data. The peer devices must use the same settings.T38 Fax Relay Select this if the Device should send fax messages as UDP or TCP/IP packets through IP networks. This provides better quality, but it may have inter-operability problems. The peer devices must also use T.38.QoS TagSIP DSCP Mark Setting Enter the DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) number for SIP message transmissions. The Device creates Class of Service (CoS) priority tags with this number to SIP traffic that it transmits.RTP DSCP Mark Setting Enter the DSCP (DiffServ Code Point) number for RTP voice transmissions. The Device creates Class of Service (CoS) priority tags with this number to RTP traffic that it transmits.Timer SettingExpiration Duration Enter the number of seconds your SIP account is registered with the SIP register server before it is deleted. The Device automatically tries to re-register your SIP account when one-half of this time has passed. (The SIP register server might have a different expiration.)Register Re-send timer Enter the number of seconds the Device waits before it tries again to register the SIP account, if the first try failed or if there is no response.Session Expires Enter the number of seconds the Device lets a SIP session remain idle (without traffic) before it automatically disconnects the session.Min-SE Enter the minimum number of seconds the Device lets a SIP session remain idle (without traffic) before it automatically disconnects the session. When two SIP devices start a SIP session, they must agree on an expiration time for idle sessions. This field is the shortest expiration time that the Device accepts.Phone Key Config Enter the key combinations for certain functions of the SIP phone.Call Return Enter the key combinations that you can enter to place a call to the last number that called you.One Shot Caller Display Call Enter the key combinations that you can enter to activate caller ID for the next call only.One Shot Caller Hidden Call Enter the key combinations that you can enter to deactivate caller ID for the next call only.Call Waiting Enable Enter the key combinations that you can enter to turn on the call waiting function.Call Waiting Disable Enter the key combinations that you can enter to turn off the call waiting function.IVR Enter the key combinations that you can enter to record custom caller ringing tones (the sound a caller hears before you pick up the phone) and on hold tones (the sound someone hears when you put their call on hold). IVR stands for Interactive Voice Response.Internal Call Enter the key combinations that you can enter to call the phone(s) connected to the Device.Call Transfer Enter the key combinations that you can enter to transfer a call to another phone.Unconditional Call Forward Enable Enter the key combinations that you can enter to forward all incoming calls to the phone number you specified in the SIP > SIP Account screen.Unconditional Call Forward DisableEnter the key combinations that you can enter to turn the unconditional call forward function off.Table 113 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider > Add new provider/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 245No Answer Call Forward Enable Enter the key combinations that you can enter to forward incoming calls to the phone number you specified in the SIP > SIP Account screen if the calls are unanswered.No Answer Call Forward DisableEnter the key combinations that you can enter to turn the no answer call forward function off.Call Forward When Busy EnableEnter the key combinations that you can enter to forward incoming calls to the phone number you specified in the SIP > SIP Account screen if the phone port is busy.Call Forward When Busy Disable Enter the key combinations that you can enter to turn the busy forward function off.One Shot Call Waiting Enable Enter the key combinations that you can enter to activate call waiting on the next calls.One Shot Call Waiting Disable Enter the key combinations that you can enter to deactivate call waiting on the next call only.Do Not Disturb Enable Enter the key combinations that you can enter to set your phone not to ring when someone calls you.Do Not Disturb Disable Enter the key combinations that you can enter to turn this function off.Call Completion on Busy Subscriber (CCBS) DeactivateEnter the key combinations that you can enter to disable CCBS on a call.Outgoing SIP Enter the key combinations that you can enter to select the SIP account that you use to make outgoing calls. If you enter #12(by default)<SIP account index number>#<the phone number you want to call>, #1201#12345678 for example, the Device uses the first SIP account to call 12345678.Dial PlanDial Plan Enable Select this to activate the dial plan rules you specify in the text box provided. See Section 21.4.2 on page 246 for how to set up a rule.Dialing Interval SelectionDialing Interval Selection Enter the number of seconds the Device should wait after you stop dialing numbers before it makes the phone call. The value depends on how quickly you dial phone numbers.If you select Immediate Dial Enable, you can press the pound key (#) to tell the Device to make the phone call immediately, regardless of this setting.Immediate Dial EnableImmediate Dial Enable Select this if you want to use the pound key (#) to tell the Device to make the phone call immediately, instead of waiting the number of seconds you selected in the Dialing Interval Selection field.If you select this, dial the phone number, and then press the pound key.The Device makes the call immediately, instead of waiting. You can still wait, if you want.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Table 113 VoIP > SIP > SIP Service Provider > Add new provider/Edit (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide24621.4.2 Dial Plan RulesA dial plan defines the dialing patterns, such as the length and range of the digits for a telephone number. It also includes country codes, access codes, area codes, local numbers, long distance numbers or international call prefixes. For example, the dial plan ([2-9]xxxxxx) does not allow a local number which begins with 1 or 0.Without a dial plan, users have to manually enter the whole callee’s number and wait for the specified dialing interval to time out or press a terminator key (usually the pound key on the phone keypad) before the Device makes the call.The Device initializes a call when the dialed number matches any one of the rules in the dial plan. Dial plan rules follow these conventions:• The collection of rules is in parentheses ().• Rules are separated by the | (bar) symbol.• “x” stands for a wildcard and can be any digit from 0 to 9.• A subset of keys is in a square bracket []. Ranges are allowed.For example, [359] means a number matching this rule can be 3, 5 or 9. [26-8*] means a number matching this rule can be 2, 6, 7, 8 or *.• The dot “.” appended to a digit allows the digit to be ignored or repeated multiple times. Any digit (0~9, *, #) after the dot will be ignored.For example, (01.) means a number matching this rule can be 0, 01, 0111, 01111, and so on.• <dialed-number:translated-number> indicates the number after the colon replaces the number before the colon in an angle bracket <>. For example, (<:1212> xxxxxxx) means the Device automatically prefixes the translated-number “1212” to the number you dialed before making the call. This can be used for local calls in the US.(<9:> xxx xxxxxxx) means the Device automatically removes the specified prefix “9” from the number you dialed before making the call. This is always used for making outside calls from an office. (xx<123:456>xxxx) means the Device automatically translates “123” to “456” in the number you dialed before making the call.• Calls with a number followed by the exclamation mark “!” will be dropped.• Calls with a number followed by the termination character “@” will be made immediately. Any digit (0~9, *, #) after the @ character will be ignored.In this example dial plan (0 | [49]11 | 1 [2-9]xx xxxxxxx | 1 947 xxxxxxx !), you can dial “0” to call the local operator, call 411 or 911, or make a long distance call with an area code starting from 2 to 9 in the US. The calls with the area code 947 will be dropped.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 24721.5 The Phone Screen Use this screen to maintain settings that depend on which region of the world the Device is in. To access this screen, click VoIP > Phone.Figure 146 VoIP > Phone Each field is described in the following table.21.6 The Call Rule ScreenUse this screen to add, edit, or remove speed-dial numbers for outgoing calls. Speed dial provides shortcuts for dialing frequently-used (VoIP) phone numbers. You also have to create speed-dial entries if you want to call SIP numbers that contain letters. Once you have configured a speed dial Table 114 VoIP > PhoneLABEL DESCRIPTIONRegion Settings Select the place in which the Device is located.Call Service Mode Select the mode for supplementary phone services (call hold, call waiting, call transfer and three-way conference calls) that your VoIP service provider supports.Europe Type - use supplementary phone services in European modeUSA Type - use supplementary phone services American modeYou might have to subscribe to these services to use them. Contact your VoIP service provider.Apply Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the Device.Cancel Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide248rule, you can use a shortcut (the speed dial number, #01 for example) on your phone's keypad to call the phone number.Figure 147 VoIP > Call RuleEach field is described in the following table.21.7 The Call History Summary ScreenThe Device logs calls from or to your SIP numbers. This screen allows you to view the summary of received, dialed and missed calls.Click VoIP > Call History > Call History Summary. The following screen displays.Figure 148 VoIP > Call History > Call History SummaryTable 115 VoIP > Call RuleLABEL DESCRIPTIONClear all speed dials Click this to erase all the speed-dial entries on this screen.Keys This field displays the speed-dial number you should dial to use this entry.Number Enter the SIP number you want the Device to call when you dial the speed-dial number.Description Enter a name to identify the party you call when you dial the speed-dial number. You can use up to 127 printable ASCII characters.Apply Click this to save your changes and to apply them to the Device.Cancel Click this to set every field in this screen to its last-saved value.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 249Each field is described in the following table.21.8 The Call History Outgoing Calls ScreenUse this screen to see detailed information for each outgoing call you made.Click VoIP > Call History > Call History Outgoing. The following screen displays.Figure 149 VoIP > Call History > Call History OutgoingEach field is described in the following table.21.9 The Call History Incoming Calls ScreenUse this screen to see detailed information for each incoming call from someone calling you.Table 116 VoIP > Call History > Call History SummaryLABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Click this button to renew the call history list.Clear All Click this button to remove all entries from the call history list.#This is a read-only index number.Date This is the date when the calls were made.Total Calls This displays the total number of calls from or to your SIP numbers that day.Outgoing Calls This displays how many calls originated from you that day.Incoming Calls This displays how many calls you received that day.Missing Calls This displays how many incoming calls were not answered that day.Total Duration This displays how long all calls lasted that day.Table 117 VoIP > Call History > Call History OutgoingLABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Click this button to renew the dialed call list.Clear All Click this button to remove all entries from the dialed call list.#This is a read-only index number.time This is the date and time when the call was made.phone port This is the phone port on which you made the call.phone number This is the SIP number you called.duration This displays how long the call lasted.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide250Click VoIP > Call History > Call History Incoming Calls. The following screen displays.Figure 150 VoIP > Call History > Call History Incoming CallsEach field is described in the following table.21.10 Technical ReferenceThis section contains background material relevant to the VoIP screens.VoIP VoIP is the sending of voice signals over Internet Protocol. This allows you to make phone calls and send faxes over the Internet at a fraction of the cost of using the traditional circuit-switched telephone network. You can also use servers to run telephone service applications like PBX services and voice mail. Internet Telephony Service Provider (ITSP) companies provide VoIP service. Circuit-switched telephone networks require 64 kilobits per second (Kbps) in each direction to handle a telephone call. VoIP can use advanced voice coding techniques with compression to reduce the required bandwidth. SIPThe Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) is an application-layer control (signaling) protocol that handles the setting up, altering and tearing down of voice and multimedia sessions over the Internet.SIP signaling is separate from the media for which it handles sessions. The media that is exchanged during the session can use a different path from that of the signaling. SIP handles telephone calls and can interface with traditional circuit-switched telephone networks.SIP IdentitiesA SIP account uses an identity (sometimes referred to as a SIP address). A complete SIP identity is called a SIP URI (Uniform Resource Identifier). A SIP account's URI identifies the SIP account in a Table 118 VoIP > Call History > Call History IncomingLABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Click this button to renew the received call list.Clear All Click this button to remove all entries from the received call list.#This is a read-only index number.time This is the date and time when the call was made.phone port This is the phone port on which you received the call.Missed means the call was unanswered.phone number This is the SIP number that called you.duration This displays how long the call lasted.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 251way similar to the way an e-mail address identifies an e-mail account. The format of a SIP identity is SIP-Number@SIP-Service-Domain.SIP NumberThe SIP number is the part of the SIP URI that comes before the “@” symbol. A SIP number can use letters like in an e-mail address (johndoe@your-ITSP.com for example) or numbers like a telephone number (1122334455@VoIP-provider.com for example).SIP Service DomainThe SIP service domain of the VoIP service provider is the domain name in a SIP URI. For example, if the SIP address is 1122334455@VoIP-provider.com, then “VoIP-provider.com” is the SIP service domain.SIP RegistrationEach Device is an individual SIP User Agent (UA). To provide voice service, it has a public IP address for SIP and RTP protocols to communicate with other servers. A SIP user agent has to register with the SIP registrar and must provide information about the users it represents, as well as its current IP address (for the routing of incoming SIP requests). After successful registration, the SIP server knows that the users (identified by their dedicated SIP URIs) are represented by the UA, and knows the IP address to which the SIP requests and responses should be sent.Registration is initiated by the User Agent Client (UAC) running in the VoIP gateway (the Device). The gateway must be configured with information letting it know where to send the REGISTER message, as well as the relevant user and authorization data. A SIP registration has a limited lifespan. The User Agent Client must renew its registration within this lifespan. If it does not do so, the registration data will be deleted from the SIP registrar's database and the connection broken.The Device attempts to register all enabled subscriber ports when it is switched on. When you enable a subscriber port that was previously disabled, the Device attempts to register the port immediately.Authorization Requirements SIP registrations (and subsequent SIP requests) require a username and password for authorization. These credentials are validated via a challenge / response system using the HTTP digest mechanism (as detailed in RFC 3261, "SIP: Session Initiation Protocol").SIP ServersSIP is a client-server protocol. A SIP client is an application program or device that sends SIP requests. A SIP server responds to the SIP requests. When you use SIP to make a VoIP call, it originates at a client and terminates at a server. A SIP client could be a computer or a SIP phone. One device can act as both a SIP client and a SIP server.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide252SIP User AgentA SIP user agent can make and receive VoIP telephone calls. This means that SIP can be used for peer-to-peer communications even though it is a client-server protocol. In the following figure, either A or B can act as a SIP user agent client to initiate a call. A and B can also both act as a SIP user agent to receive the call.Figure 151 SIP User AgentSIP Proxy ServerA SIP proxy server receives requests from clients and forwards them to another server.In the following example, you want to use client device A to call someone who is using client device C. 1The client device (A in the figure) sends a call invitation to the SIP proxy server (B).2The SIP proxy server forwards the call invitation to C.Figure 152 SIP Proxy ServerSIP Redirect ServerA SIP redirect server accepts SIP requests, translates the destination address to an IP address and sends the translated IP address back to the device that sent the request. Then the client device that originally sent the request can send requests to the IP address that it received back from the redirect server. Redirect servers do not initiate SIP requests.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 253In the following example, you want to use client device A to call someone who is using client device C. 1Client device A sends a call invitation for C to the SIP redirect server (B).2The SIP redirect server sends the invitation back to A with C’s IP address (or domain name).3Client device A then sends the call invitation to client device C.Figure 153 SIP Redirect ServerSIP Register ServerA SIP register server maintains a database of SIP identity-to-IP address (or domain name) mapping. The register server checks your user name and password when you register. RTPWhen you make a VoIP call using SIP, the RTP (Real time Transport Protocol) is used to handle voice data transfer. See RFC 1889 for details on RTP.Pulse Code ModulationPulse Code Modulation (PCM) measures analog signal amplitudes at regular time intervals and converts them into bits.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide254SIP Call ProgressionThe following figure displays the basic steps in the setup and tear down of a SIP call. A calls B. 1A sends a SIP INVITE request to B. This message is an invitation for B to participate in a SIP telephone call. 2B sends a response indicating that the telephone is ringing.3B sends an OK response after the call is answered. 4A then sends an ACK message to acknowledge that B has answered the call. 5Now A and B exchange voice media (talk). 6After talking, A hangs up and sends a BYE request. 7B replies with an OK response confirming receipt of the BYE request and the call is terminated.SIP Call Progression Through Proxy ServersUsually, the SIP UAC sets up a phone call by sending a request to the SIP proxy server. Then, the proxy server looks up the destination to which the call should be forwarded (according to the URI requested by the SIP UAC). The request may be forwarded to more than one proxy server before arriving at its destination. The response to the request goes to all the proxy servers through which the request passed, in reverse sequence. Once the session is set up, session traffic is sent between the UAs directly, bypassing all the proxy servers in between.Table 119 SIP Call ProgressionA B1. INVITE2. Ringing3. OK4. ACK 5.Dialogue (voice traffic)6. BYE7. OK
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 255The following figure shows the SIP and session traffic flow between the user agents (UA 1 and UA 2) and the proxy servers (this example shows two proxy servers, PROXY 1 and PROXY 2).Figure 154 SIP Call Through Proxy ServersThe following table shows the SIP call progression.1User Agent 1 sends a SIP INVITE request to Proxy 1. This message is an invitation to User Agent 2 to participate in a SIP telephone call. Proxy 1 sends a response indicating that it is trying to complete the request.2Proxy 1 sends a SIP INVITE request to Proxy 2. Proxy 2 sends a response indicating that it is trying to complete the request.3Proxy 2 sends a SIP INVITE request to User Agent 2.4User Agent 2 sends a response back to Proxy 2 indicating that the phone is ringing. The response is relayed back to User Agent 1 via Proxy 1.Table 120 SIP Call ProgressionUA 1 PROXY 1 PROXY 2 UA 2InviteInvite100 Trying Invite100 Trying180 Ringing180 Ringing180 Ringing200 OK200 OK200 OKACKRTP RTPBYE200 OKUA 1 UA 2PROXY 1 PROXY 2 SIPSIPSIPSIP & RTP
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide2565User Agent 2 sends an OK response to Proxy 2 after the call is answered. This is also relayed back to User Agent 1 via Proxy 1.6User Agent 1 and User Agent 2 exchange RTP packets containing voice data directly, without involving the proxies.7When User Agent 2 hangs up, he sends a BYE request. 8User Agent 1 replies with an OK response confirming receipt of the BYE request, and the call is terminated.Voice CodingA codec (coder/decoder) codes analog voice signals into digital signals and decodes the digital signals back into analog voice signals. The Device supports the following codecs.• G.711 is a Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) waveform codec. PCM measures analog signal amplitudes at regular time intervals and converts them into digital samples. G.711 provides very good sound quality but requires 64 kbps of bandwidth.• G.726 is an Adaptive Differential PCM (ADPCM) waveform codec that uses a lower bitrate than standard PCM conversion. ADPCM converts analog audio into digital signals based on the difference between each audio sample and a prediction based on previous samples. The more similar the audio sample is to the prediction, the less space needed to describe it. G.726 operates at 16, 24, 32 or 40 kbps. • G.729 is an Analysis-by-Synthesis (AbS) hybrid waveform codec that uses a filter based on information about how the human vocal tract produces sounds. G.729 provides good sound quality and reduces the required bandwidth to 8 kbps.Voice Activity Detection/Silence SuppressionVoice Activity Detection (VAD) detects whether or not speech is present. This lets the Device reduce the bandwidth that a call uses by not transmitting “silent packets” when you are not speaking.Comfort Noise GenerationWhen using VAD, the Device generates comfort noise when the other party is not speaking. The comfort noise lets you know that the line is still connected as total silence could easily be mistaken for a lost connection.Echo Cancellation G.168 is an ITU-T standard for eliminating the echo caused by the sound of your voice reverberating in the telephone receiver while you talk.MWI (Message Waiting Indication)Enable Message Waiting Indication (MWI) enables your phone to give you a message–waiting (beeping) dial tone when you have a voice message(s). Your VoIP service provider must have a messaging system that sends message waiting status SIP packets as defined in RFC 3842.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 257Custom Tones (IVR)IVR (Interactive Voice Response) is a feature that allows you to use your telephone to interact with the Device. The Device allows you to record custom tones for the Early Media and Music On Hold functions. The same recordings apply to both the caller ringing and on hold tones. Recording Custom TonesUse the following steps if you would like to create new tones or change your tones: 1Pick up the phone and press “****” on your phone’s keypad and wait for the message that says you are in the configuration menu. 2Press a number from 1101~1105 on your phone followed by the “#” key.3Play your desired music or voice recording into the receiver’s mouthpiece. Press the “#” key.4You can continue to add, listen to, or delete tones, or you can hang up the receiver when you are done.Listening to Custom TonesDo the following to listen to a custom tone:1Pick up the phone and press “****” on your phone’s keypad and wait for the message that says you are in the configuration menu.2Press a number from 1201~1208 followed by the “#” key to listen to the tone.3You can continue to add, listen to, or delete tones, or you can hang up the receiver when you are done.Deleting Custom TonesDo the following to delete a custom tone:1Pick up the phone and press “****” on your phone’s keypad and wait for the message that says you are in the configuration menu.2Press a number from 1301~1308 followed by the “#” key to delete the tone of your choice. Press 14 followed by the “#” key if you wish to clear all your custom tones.Table 121 Custom Tones DetailsLABEL DESCRIPTIONTotal Time for All Tones 900 seconds for all custom tones combinedMaximum Time per Individual Tone 180 secondsTotal Number of Tones Recordable 5You can record up to 5 different custom tones but the total time must be 900 seconds or less.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide258You can continue to add, listen to, or delete tones, or you can hang up the receiver when you are done.21.10.1 Quality of Service (QoS)Quality of Service (QoS) refers to both a network's ability to deliver data with minimum delay, and the networking methods used to provide bandwidth for real-time multimedia applications. Type of Service (ToS)Network traffic can be classified by setting the ToS (Type of Service) values at the data source (for example, at the Device) so a server can decide the best method of delivery, that is the least cost, fastest route and so on. DiffServDiffServ is a class of service (CoS) model that marks packets so that they receive specific per-hop treatment at DiffServ-compliant network devices along the route based on the application types and traffic flow. Packets are marked with DiffServ Code Points (DSCP) indicating the level of service desired. This allows the intermediary DiffServ-compliant network devices to handle the packets differently depending on the code points without the need to negotiate paths or remember state information for every flow. In addition, applications do not have to request a particular service or give advanced notice of where the traffic is going.3DSCP and Per-Hop Behavior DiffServ defines a new DS (Differentiated Services) field to replace the Type of Service (TOS) field in the IP header. The DS field contains a 2-bit unused field and a 6-bit DSCP field which can define up to 64 service levels. The following figure illustrates the DS field. DSCP is backward compatible with the three precedence bits in the ToS octet so that non-DiffServ compliant, ToS-enabled network device will not conflict with the DSCP mapping. Figure 155 DiffServ: Differentiated Service FieldThe DSCP value determines the forwarding behavior, the PHB (Per-Hop Behavior), that each packet gets across the DiffServ network. Based on the marking rule, different kinds of traffic can be marked for different priorities of forwarding. Resources can then be allocated according to the DSCP values and the configured policies.21.10.2 Phone Services OverviewSupplementary services such as call hold, call waiting, and call transfer. are generally available from your VoIP service provider. The Device supports the following services:3. The Device does not support DiffServ at the time of writing.DSCP(6-bit)Unused(2-bit)
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 259•Call Return•Call Hold• Call Waiting• Making a Second Call• Call Transfer• Call Forwarding • Three-Way Conference• Internal Calls• Call Park and Pickup• Do not Disturb•IVR•Call Completion•CCBS• Outgoing SIPNote: To take full advantage of the supplementary phone services available through the Device's phone ports, you may need to subscribe to the services from your VoIP service provider.21.10.2.1 The Flash KeyFlashing means to press the hook for a short period of time (a few hundred milliseconds) before releasing it. On newer telephones, there should be a "flash" key (button) that generates the signal electronically. If the flash key is not available, you can tap (press and immediately release) the hook by hand to achieve the same effect. However, using the flash key is preferred since the timing is much more precise. With manual tapping, if the duration is too long, it may be interpreted as hanging up by the Device.You can invoke all the supplementary services by using the flash key. 21.10.2.2 Europe Type Supplementary Phone ServicesThis section describes how to use supplementary phone services with the Europe Type Call Service Mode. Commands for supplementary services are listed in the table below.After pressing the flash key, if you do not issue the sub-command before the default sub-command timeout (2 seconds) expires or issue an invalid sub-command, the current operation will be aborted.Table 122 European Flash Key CommandsCOMMAND SUB-COMMAND DESCRIPTIONFlash Put a current call on hold to place a second call.Switch back to the call (if there is no second call).Flash 0 Drop the call presently on hold or reject an incoming call which is waiting for answer.Flash 1 Disconnect the current phone connection and answer the incoming call or resume with caller presently on hold.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide260European Call HoldCall hold allows you to put a call (A) on hold by pressing the flash key. If you have another call, press the flash key and then “2” to switch back and forth between caller A and B by putting either one on hold.Press the flash key and then “0” to disconnect the call presently on hold and keep the current call on line.Press the flash key and then “1” to disconnect the current call and resume the call on hold.If you hang up the phone but a caller is still on hold, there will be a remind ring.European Call Waiting This allows you to place a call on hold while you answer another incoming call on the same telephone (directory) number. If there is a second call to a telephone number, you will hear a call waiting tone. Take one of the following actions.• Reject the second call.Press the flash key and then press “0”.• Disconnect the first call and answer the second call.Either press the flash key and press “1”, or just hang up the phone and then answer the phone after it rings.• Put the first call on hold and answer the second call.Press the flash key and then “2”.European Call TransferDo the following to transfer an incoming call (that you have answered) to another phone.1Press the flash key to put the caller on hold.2When you hear the dial tone, dial “*98#” followed by the number to which you want to transfer the call.3After you hear the ring signal or the second party answers it, hang up the phone.Flash 2 1. Switch back and forth between two calls.2. Put a current call on hold to answer an incoming call.3. Separate the current three-way conference call into two individual calls (one is on-line, the other is on hold).Flash 3 Create three-way conference connection.Flash *98# Transfer the call to another phone.Table 122 European Flash Key CommandsCOMMAND SUB-COMMAND DESCRIPTION
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 261European Three-Way ConferenceUse the following steps to make three-way conference calls.1When you are on the phone talking to someone, press the flash key to put the caller on hold and get a dial tone. 2Dial a phone number directly to make another call.3When the second call is answered, press the flash key and press “3” to create a three-way conversation.4Hang up the phone to drop the connection.5If you want to separate the activated three-way conference into two individual connections (one is on-line, the other is on hold), press the flash key and press “2”.21.10.2.3 USA Type Supplementary ServicesThis section describes how to use supplementary phone services with the USA Type Call Service Mode. Commands for supplementary services are listed in the table below.After pressing the flash key, if you do not issue the sub-command before the default sub-command timeout (2 seconds) expires or issue an invalid sub-command, the current operation will be aborted.USA Call HoldCall hold allows you to put a call (A) on hold by pressing the flash key. If you have another call, press the flash key to switch back and forth between caller A and B by putting either one on hold.If you hang up the phone but a caller is still on hold, there will be a remind ring.USA Call Waiting This allows you to place a call on hold while you answer another incoming call on the same telephone (directory) number. If there is a second call to your telephone number, you will hear a call waiting tone. Press the flash key to put the first call on hold and answer the second call.Table 123 USA Flash Key CommandsCOMMAND SUB-COMMAND DESCRIPTIONFlash Put a current call on hold to place a second call. After the second call is successful, press the flash key again to have a three-way conference call.Put a current call on hold to answer an incoming call.Flash *98# Transfer the call to another phone.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide262USA Call TransferDo the following to transfer an incoming call (that you have answered) to another phone.1Press the flash key to put the caller on hold.2When you hear the dial tone, dial “*98#” followed by the number to which you want to transfer the call.3After you hear the ring signal or the second party answers it, hang up the phone.USA Three-Way ConferenceUse the following steps to make three-way conference calls.1When you are on the phone talking to someone (party A), press the flash key to put the caller on hold and get a dial tone. 2Dial a phone number directly to make another call (to party B).3When party B answers the second call, press the flash key to create a three-way conversation.4Hang up the phone to drop the connection.5If you want to separate the activated three-way conference into two individual connections (with party A on-line and party B on hold), press the flash key. 6If you want to go back to the three-way conversation, press the flash key again.7If you want to separate the activated three-way conference into two individual connections again, press the flash key. This time the party B is on-line and party A is on hold. 21.10.2.4 Phone Functions SummaryThe following table shows the key combinations you can enter on your phone’s keypad to use certain features. Table 124 Phone Functions SummaryACTION FUNCTION DESCRIPTION*98# Call transfer Transfer a call to another phone. See Section 21.10.2.2 on page 259 (Europe type) and Section 21.10.2.3 on page 261 (USA type).*66# Call return Place a call to the last person who called you. *95# Enable Do Not Disturb Use these to set your phone not to ring when someone calls you, or to turn this function off. #95# Disable Do Not Disturb*41# Enable Call Waiting Use these to allow you to put a call on hold when you are answering another, or to turn this function off. #41# Disable Call Waiting**** IVR Use these to set up Interactive Voice Response (IVR). IVR allows you to record custom caller ringing tones (the sound a caller hears before you pick up the phone) and on hold tones (the sound someone hears when you put their call on hold).#### Internal Call Call the phone(s) connected to the Device.
Chapter 21 VoiceVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 263*82 One Shot Caller Display Call Activate or deactivate caller ID for the next call only.*67 One Shot Caller Hidden CallTable 124 Phone Functions SummaryACTION FUNCTION DESCRIPTION
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VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 265CHAPTER 22Log22.1 OverviewThe web configurator allows you to choose which categories of events and/or alerts to have the Device log and then display the logs or have the Device send them to an administrator (as e-mail) or to a syslog server. 22.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•Use the System Log screen to see the system logs (Section 22.2 on page 266).•Use the Security Log screen to see the security-related logs for the categories that you select (Section 22.3 on page 267).22.1.2 What You Need To KnowThe following terms and concepts may help as you read this chapter.Alerts and LogsAn alert is a type of log that warrants more serious attention. They include system errors, attacks (access control) and attempted access to blocked web sites. Some categories such as System Errors consist of both logs and alerts. You may differentiate them by their color in the View Log screen. Alerts display in red and logs display in black.Syslog Overview The syslog protocol allows devices to send event notification messages across an IP network to syslog servers that collect the event messages. A syslog-enabled device can generate a syslog message and send it to a syslog server.Syslog is defined in RFC 3164. The RFC defines the packet format, content and system log related information of syslog messages. Each syslog message has a facility and severity level. The syslog facility identifies a file in the syslog server. Refer to the documentation of your syslog program for details. The following table describes the syslog severity levels. Table 125 Syslog Severity LevelsCODE SEVERITY0 Emergency: The system is unusable.1 Alert: Action must be taken immediately.2 Critical: The system condition is critical.3 Error: There is an error condition on the system.4 Warning: There is a warning condition on the system.
Chapter 22 LogVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide26622.2 The System Log Screen Use the System Log screen to see the system logs. Click System Monitor > Log to open the System Log screen. Figure 156 System Monitor > Log > System LogThe following table describes the fields in this screen. 5 Notice: There is a normal but significant condition on the system.6 Informational: The syslog contains an informational message.7 Debug: The message is intended for debug-level purposes.Table 125 Syslog Severity LevelsCODE SEVERITYTable 126 System Monitor > Log > System LogLABEL DESCRIPTIONLevel Select a severity level from the drop-down list box. This filters search results according to the severity level you have selected. When you select a severity, the Device searches through all logs of that severity or higher. Category Select the type of logs to display.Clear Log Click this to delete all the logs. Refresh Click this to renew the log screen. Export Log Click this to export the selected log(s).Email Log Now Click this to send the log file(s) to the E-mail address you specify in the Maintenance > Logs Setting screen.System Log#This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry.Time This field displays the time the log was recorded. Facility The log facility allows you to send logs to different files in the syslog server. Refer to the documentation of your syslog program for more details.Level This field displays the severity level of the logs that the device is to send to this syslog server.Messages This field states the reason for the log.
Chapter 22 LogVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 26722.3 The Security Log ScreenUse the Security Log screen to see the security-related logs for the categories that you select. Click System Monitor > Log > Security Log to open the following screen. Figure 157 System Monitor > Log > Security LogThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 127 System Monitor > Log > Security LogLABEL DESCRIPTIONLevel Select a severity level from the drop-down list box. This filters search results according to the severity level you have selected. When you select a severity, the Device searches through all logs of that severity or higher. Category Select the type of logs to display.Clear Log Click this to delete all the logs. Refresh Click this to renew the log screen. Export Log Click this to export the selected log(s).Email Log Now Click this to send the log file(s) to the E-mail address you specify in the Maintenance > Logs Setting screen.#This field is a sequential value and is not associated with a specific entry.Time This field displays the time the log was recorded. Facility The log facility allows you to send logs to different files in the syslog server. Refer to the documentation of your syslog program for more details.Level This field displays the severity level of the logs that the device is to send to this syslog server.Messages This field states the reason for the log.
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VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 269CHAPTER 23Traffic Status23.1 OverviewUse the Traffic Status screens to look at network traffic status and statistics of the WAN, LAN interfaces and NAT. 23.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•Use the WAN screen to view the WAN traffic statistics (Section 23.2 on page 269).•Use the LAN screen to view the LAN traffic statistics (Section 23.3 on page 271).•Use the NAT screen to view the NAT status of the Device’s client(s) (Section 23.4 on page 272)23.2 The WAN Status Screen Click System Monitor > Traffic Status to open the WAN screen. The figure in this screen shows the number of bytes received and sent on the Device.Figure 158 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WAN
Chapter 23 Traffic StatusVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide270The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 128 System Monitor > Traffic Status > WANLABEL DESCRIPTIONConnected Interface This shows the name of the WAN interface that is currently connected.Packets Sent Data This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.Packets ReceivedData This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface.more...hide more Click more... to show more information. Click hide more to hide them.Disabled Interface This shows the name of the WAN interface that is currently disconnected.Packets Sent Data This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.Packets ReceivedData This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface.
Chapter 23 Traffic StatusVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 27123.3 The LAN Status ScreenClick System Monitor > Traffic Status > LAN to open the following screen. The figure in this screen shows the interface that is currently connected on the Device.Figure 159 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LANThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 129 System Monitor > Traffic Status > LANLABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Interval Select how often you want the Device to update this screen.Interface This shows the LAN or WLAN interface. Bytes Sent This indicates the number of bytes transmitted on this interface.Bytes Received This indicates the number of bytes received on this interface.more...hide more Click more... to show more information. Click hide more to hide them.Interface This shows the LAN or WLAN interface. Sent (Packets)Data This indicates the number of transmitted packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors transmitted on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of outgoing packets dropped on this interface.Received (Packets)Data This indicates the number of received packets on this interface.Error This indicates the number of frames with errors received on this interface.Drop This indicates the number of received packets dropped on this interface.
Chapter 23 Traffic StatusVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide27223.4 The NAT Status ScreenClick System Monitor > Traffic Status > NAT to open the following screen. The figure in this screen shows the NAT session statistics for hosts currently connected on the Device.Figure 160 System Monitor > Traffic Status > NAT The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 130 System Monitor > Traffic Status > NATLABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Interval Select how often you want the Device to update this screen.Device Name This displays the name of the connected host.IP Address This displays the IP address of the connected host.MAC Address This displays the MAC address of the connected host.No. of Open Session This displays the number of NAT sessions currently opened for the connected host.Total This displays what percentage of NAT sessions the Device can support is currently being used by all connected hosts.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 273CHAPTER 24 VoIP Status24.1 The VoIP Status ScreenClick System Monitor > VoIP Status to open the following screen. You can view the VoIP registration, current call status and phone numbers in this screen.Figure 161 System Monitor > VoIP StatusThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 131 System Monitor > VoIP StatusLABEL DESCRIPTIONPoll Interval(s) Enter the number of seconds the Device needs to wait before updating this screen and then click Set Interval. Click Stop to have the Device stop updating this screen.SIP StatusAccount This column displays each SIP account in the Device.Registration This field displays the current registration status of the SIP account. You can change this in the Status screen.Registered - The SIP account is registered with a SIP server.Not Registered - The last time the Device tried to register the SIP account with the SIP server, the attempt failed. The Device automatically tries to register the SIP account when you turn on the Device or when you activate it.Inactive - The SIP account is not active. You can activate it in VoIP > SIP > SIP Account.Registration Time This field displays the last time the Device successfully registered the SIP account. The field is blank if the Device has never successfully registered this account.URI This field displays the account number and service domain of the SIP account. You can change these in the VoIP > SIP screens.
Chapter 24 VoIP StatusVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide274Message Waiting This field indicates whether or not there are any messages waiting for the SIP account.Last Incoming Number This field displays the last number that called the SIP account. The field is blank if no number has ever dialed the SIP account.Last Outgoing Number This field displays the last number the SIP account called. The field is blank if the SIP account has never dialed a number.Call StatusAccount This column displays each SIP account in the Device.Duration This field displays how long the current call has lasted. Status This field displays the current state of the phone call.Idle - There are no current VoIP calls, incoming calls or outgoing calls being made.Dial - The callee’s phone is ringing.Ring - The phone is ringing for an incoming VoIP call.Process - There is a VoIP call in progress.DISC - The callee’s line is busy, the callee hung up or your phone was left off the hook.Codec This field displays what voice codec is being used for a current VoIP call through a phone port.Peer Number This field displays the SIP number of the party that is currently engaged in a VoIP call through a phone port.Phone StatusPhone This field displays the name of a phone port on the Device.Outgoing Number This field displays the SIP number that you use to make calls on this phone port.Incoming Number This field displays the SIP number that you use to receive calls on this phone port.Table 131 System Monitor > VoIP Status (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 275CHAPTER 25ARP Table25.1 OverviewAddress Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a protocol for mapping an Internet Protocol address (IP address) to a physical machine address, also known as a Media Access Control or MAC address, on the local area network. An IP (version 4) address is 32 bits long. In an Ethernet LAN, MAC addresses are 48 bits long. The ARP Table maintains an association between each MAC address and its corresponding IP address.25.1.1 How ARP WorksWhen an incoming packet destined for a host device on a local area network arrives at the device, the device's ARP program looks in the ARP Table and, if it finds the address, sends it to the device.If no entry is found for the IP address, ARP broadcasts the request to all the devices on the LAN. The device fills in its own MAC and IP address in the sender address fields, and puts the known IP address of the target in the target IP address field. In addition, the device puts all ones in the target MAC field (FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF is the Ethernet broadcast address). The replying device (which is either the IP address of the device being sought or the router that knows the way) replaces the broadcast address with the target's MAC address, swaps the sender and target pairs, and unicasts the answer directly back to the requesting machine. ARP updates the ARP Table for future reference and then sends the packet to the MAC address that replied. 25.2 ARP Table ScreenUse the ARP table to view IP-to-MAC address mapping(s). To open this screen, click System Monitor > ARP Table.Figure 162 System Monitor > ARP Table
Chapter 25 ARP TableVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide276The following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 132 System Monitor > ARP TableLABEL DESCRIPTION# This is the ARP table entry number.IPv4/IPv6 Address This is the learned IPv4 or IPv6 IP address of a device connected to a port.MAC Address This is the MAC address of the device with the listed IP address.Device This is the type of interface used by the device. You can click on the device type to go to its configuration screen.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 277CHAPTER 26Routing Table26.1 OverviewRouting is based on the destination address only and the Device takes the shortest path to forward a packet.26.2 The Routing Table ScreenClick System Monitor > Routing Table to open the following screen.Figure 163 System Monitor > Routing TableThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 133 System Monitor > Routing TableLABEL DESCRIPTIONIPv4/IPv6 Routing TableDestination This indicates the destination IPv4 address or IPv6 address and prefix of this route.Gateway This indicates the IPv4 address or IPv6 address of the gateway that helps forward this route’s traffic.Subnet Mask This indicates the destination subnet mask of the IPv4 route.
Chapter 26 Routing TableVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide278Flag This indicates the route status.U-Up: The route is up.!-Reject: The route is blocked and will force a route lookup to fail.G-Gateway: The route uses a gateway to forward traffic. H-Host: The target of the route is a host.R-Reinstate: The route is reinstated for dynamic routing.D-Dynamic (redirect): The route is dynamically installed by a routing daemon or redirect.M-Modified (redirect): The route is modified from a routing daemon or redirect.Metric The metric represents the "cost of transmission". A router determines the best route for transmission by choosing a path with the lowest "cost". The smaller the number, the lower the "cost".Service This indicates the name of the service used to forward the route.Interface This indicates the name of the interface through which the route is forwarded.brx indicates a LAN interface where x can be 0~3 to represent LAN1 to LAN4 respectively.ptm0 indicates a WAN interface using IPoE or in bridge mode.ppp0 indicates a WAN interface using PPPoE.Table 133 System Monitor > Routing Table (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 279CHAPTER 27IGMP/MLD Status27.1 OverviewUse the IGMP Status screens to look at IGMP/MLD group status and traffic statistics. 27.2 The IGMP/MLD Group Status ScreenUse this screen to look at the current list of multicast groups the Device has joined and which ports have joined it. To open this screen, click System Monitor > IGMP/MLD Group Status.Figure 164 System Monitor > IGMP/MLD Group StatusThe following table describes the labels in this screen.Table 134 System Monitor > IGMP/MLD Group StatusLABEL DESCRIPTIONInterface This field displays the name of an interface on the Device that belongs to an IGMP or MLD multicast group. Multicast Group This field displays the name of the IGMP or MLD multicast group to which the interface belongs.
Chapter 27 IGMP/MLD StatusVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide280Filter Mode INCLUDE means that only the IP addresses in the Source List get to receive the multicast group’s traffic.EXCLUDE means that the IP addresses in the Source List are not allowed to receive the multicast group’s traffic but other IP addresses can.Source List This is the list of IP addresses that are allowed or not allowed to receive the multicast group’s traffic depending on the filter mode.Table 134 System Monitor > IGMP/MLD Group Status (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 281CHAPTER 28xDSL Statistics28.1 The xDSL Statistics ScreenUse this screen to view detailed DSL statistics. Click System Monitor > xDSL Statistics to open the following screen.Figure 165 System Monitor > xDSL Statistics
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Chapter 28 xDSL StatisticsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 283The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 135 Status > xDSL StatisticsLABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Interval Select the time interval for refreshing statistics.Line Select which DSL line’s statistics you want to display.xDSL Training Status This displays the current state of setting up the DSL connection.Mode This displays the ITU standard used for this connection.Traffic Type This displays the type of traffic the DSL port is sending and receiving. Inactive displays if the DSL port is not currently sending or receiving traffic.Link Uptime This displays how long the port has been running (or connected) since the last time it was started.xDSL Port DetailsUpstream These are the statistics for the traffic direction going out from the port to the service provider.Downstream These are the statistics for the traffic direction coming into the port from the service provider. Line Rate These are the data transfer rates at which the port is sending and receiving data.Actual Net Data Rate These are the rates at which the port is sending and receiving the payload data without transport layer protocol headers and traffic.Trellis Coding This displays whether or not the port is using Trellis coding for traffic it is sending and receiving. Trellis coding helps to reduce the noise in ADSL transmissions. Trellis may reduce throughput but it makes the connection more stable.SNR Margin This is the upstream and downstream Signal-to-Noise Ratio margin (in dB). A DMT sub-carrier’s SNR is the ratio between the received signal power and the received noise power. The signal-to-noise ratio margin is the maximum that the received noise power could increase with the system still being able to meet its transmission targets.Actual Delay This is the upstream and downstream interleave delay. It is the wait (in milliseconds) that determines the size of a single block of data to be interleaved (assembled) and then transmitted. Interleave delay is used when transmission error correction (Reed- Solomon) is necessary due to a less than ideal telephone line. The bigger the delay, the bigger the data block size, allowing better error correction to be performed. Transmit Power This is the upstream and downstream far end actual aggregate transmit power (in dBm).Upstream is how much power the port is using to transmit to the service provider. Downstream is how much port the service provider is using to transmit to the port.Receive Power Upstream is how much power the service provider is receiving from the port. Downstream is how much power the port is receiving from the service provider.Actual INP Sudden spikes in the line’s level of external noise (impulse noise) can cause errors and result in lost packets. This could especially impact the quality of multimedia traffic such as voice or video. Impulse noise protection (INP) provides a buffer to allow for correction of errors caused by error correction to deal with this. The number of DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone) symbols shows the level of impulse noise protection for the upstream and downstream traffic. A higher symbol value provides higher error correction capability, but it causes overhead and higher delay which may increase error rates in received multimedia data.Total Attenuation This is the upstream and downstream line attenuation, measured in decibels (dB). This attenuation is the difference between the power transmitted at the near-end and the power received at the far-end. Attenuation is affected by the channel characteristics (wire gauge, quality, condition and length of the physical line).Attainable Net Data Rate These are the highest theoretically possible transfer rates at which the port could send and receive payload data without transport layer protocol headers and traffic.xDSL Counters
Chapter 28 xDSL StatisticsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide284Downstream These are the statistics for the traffic direction coming into the port from the service provider. Upstream These are the statistics for the traffic direction going out from the port to the service provider.FEC This is the number of Far End Corrected blocks.CRC This is the number of Cyclic Redundancy Checks. ES This is the number of Errored Seconds meaning the number of seconds containing at least one errored block or at least one defect.SES This is the number of Severely Errored Seconds meaning the number of seconds containing 30% or more errored blocks or at least one defect. This is a subset of ES.UAS This is the number of UnAvailable Seconds.LOS This is the number of Loss Of Signal seconds.LOF This is the number of Loss Of Frame seconds.LOM This is the number of Loss of Margin seconds.Table 135 Status > xDSL Statistics (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 285CHAPTER 293G Statistics29.1 OverviewUse the 3G Statistics screens to look at 3G Internet connection status.29.2 The 3G Statistics ScreenTo open this screen, click System Monitor > 3G Statistics. The 3G status is available on this screen only when you insert a compatible 3G dongle in a USB port on the Device.Figure 166 System Monitor > 3G Statistics The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 136 System Monitor > 3G StatisticsLABEL DESCRIPTIONRefresh Interval Select how often you want the Device to update this screen. Select No Refresh to stop refreshing.3G Status This field displays the status of the 3G Internet connection. This field can display:GSM - Global System for Mobile Communications, 2GGPRS - General Packet Radio Service, 2.5GEDGE - Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution, 2.75GWCDMA - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, 3GHSDPA - High-Speed Downlink Packet Access, 3.5GHSUPA - High-Speed Uplink Packet Access, 3.75GHSPA - HSDPA+HSUPA, 3.75GService Provider This field displays the name of the service provider.
Chapter 29 3G StatisticsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide286Signal Strength This field displays the strength of the signal in dBm.Connection Uptime This field displays the time the connection has been up.3G Card Manufacturer This field displays the manufacturer of the 3G card.3G Card Model This field displays the model name of the 3G card.3G Card F/W Version This field displays the firmware version of the 3G card.SIM Card IMSI The International Mobile Subscriber Identity or IMSI is a unique identification number associated with all cellular networks. This number is provisioned in the SIM card.Table 136 System Monitor > 3G Statistics (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 287CHAPTER 30User Account30.1 Overview In the Users Account screen, you can change the password of the “admin” user account that you used to log in the Device. 30.2 The User Account ScreenClick Maintenance > User Account to open the following screen.Figure 167 Maintenance > User AccountThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 137 Maintenance > User AccountLABEL DESCRIPTIONUser Name This field displays the name of the account that you used to log in the system. Old Password Type the default password or the existing password you use to access the system in this field.New Password Type your new system password (6 to 256 characters). At least one numeric character and one letter are required. After you change the password, use the new password to access the Device.Retype to confirm Type the new password again for confirmation.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 289CHAPTER 31Remote Management31.1 OverviewRemote management controls through which interface(s), which services can access the Device. Note: The Device is managed using the Web Configurator.31.2 The Remote MGMT ScreenUse this screen to configure through which interface(s), which services can access the Device. You can also specify the port numbers the services must use to connect to the Device. Click Maintenance > Remote MGMT to open the following screen. Figure 168 Maintenance > Remote MGMT The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 138 Maintenance > Remote MGMT LABEL DESCRIPTIONWAN Interface used for servicesSelect Any WAN to have the Device automatically activate the remote management service when any WAN connection is up.Select Multi WAN and then select one or more WAN connections to have the Device activate the remote management service when the selected WAN connections are up.HTTP This is the service you may use to access the Device.LAN/WLAN Select the Enable check box for the corresponding services that you want to allow access to the Device from the LAN/WLAN.WAN Select the Enable check box for the corresponding services that you want to allow access to the Device from the WAN.
Chapter 31 Remote ManagementVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide29031.3 The Trust Domain ScreenUse this screen to view a list of public IP addresses which are allowed to access the Device through the services configured in the Maintenance > Remote MGMT screen. Click Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Turst Domain to open the following screen. Note: If this list is empty, all public IP addresses can access the Device from the WAN through the specified services.Figure 169 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Trust Domain The following table describes the fields in this screen. Port You may change the server port number for a service if needed, however you must use the same port number in order to use that service for remote management.CertificateHTTPS Certificate Select a certificate the HTTPS server (the Device) uses to authenticate itself to the HTTPS client. You must have certificates already configured in the Certificates screen.Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.Table 138 Maintenance > Remote MGMT (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTIONTable 139 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Trust Domain LABEL DESCRIPTIONAdd Trust Domain Click this to add a trusted host IP address.IPv4 Address This field shows a trusted host IP address.Delete Click the Delete icon to remove the trust IP address.
Chapter 31 Remote ManagementVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 29131.4 The Add Trust Domain ScreenUse this screen to configure a public IP address which is allowed to access the Device. Click the Add Trust Domain button in the Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Turst Domain screen to open the following screen. Figure 170 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Trust Domain > Add Trust Domain The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 140 Maintenance > Remote MGMT > Trust Domain > Add Trust Domain LABEL DESCRIPTIONIPv4 Address Enter a public IPv4 IP address which is allowed to access the service on the Device from the WAN.Apply Click Apply to save your changes back to the Device.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
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VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 293CHAPTER 32TR-069 Client32.1 OverviewThis chapter explains how to configure the Device’s TR-069 auto-configuration settings.32.2 The TR-069 Client ScreenTR-069 defines how Customer Premise Equipment (CPE), for example your Device, can be managed over the WAN by an Auto Configuration Server (ACS). TR-069 is based on sending Remote Procedure Calls (RPCs) between an ACS and a client device. RPCs are sent in Extensible Markup Language (XML) format over HTTP or HTTPS. An administrator can use an ACS to remotely set up the Device, modify settings, perform firmware upgrades as well as monitor and diagnose the Device. You have to enable the device to be managed by the ACS and specify the ACS IP address or domain name and username and password.Click Maintenance > TR-069 Client to open the following screen. Use this screen to configure your Device to be managed by an ACS. Figure 171 Maintenance > TR-069 Client
Chapter 32 TR-069 ClientVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide294The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 141 Maintenance > TR-069 ClientLABEL DESCRIPTIONInform Select Enable for the Device to send periodic inform via TR-069 on the WAN. Otherwise, select Disable.Inform Interval Enter the time interval (in seconds) at which the Device sends information to the auto-configuration server.ACS URL Enter the URL or IP address of the auto-configuration server.ACS User Name Enter the TR-069 user name for authentication with the auto-configuration server.ACS Password Enter the TR-069 password for authentication with the auto-configuration server.WAN Interface used by TR-069 clientSelect a WAN interface through which the TR-069 traffic passes.If you select Any_WAN, the Device automatically passes the TR-069 traffic when any WAN connection is up.If you select Multi_WAN, you also need to select two or more pre-configured WAN interfaces. The Device automatically passes the TR-069 traffic when one of the selected WAN connections is up.Display SOAP messages on serial consoleSelect Enable to show the SOAP messages on the console.Connection Request AuthenticationSelect this option to enable authentication when there is a connection request from the ACS.Connection Request User NameEnter the connection request user name.When the ACS makes a connection request to the Device, this user name is used to authenticate the ACS.Connection Request PasswordEnter the connection request password.When the ACS makes a connection request to the Device, this password is used to authenticate the ACS.Connection Request URL This shows the connection request URL.The ACS can use this URL to make a connection request to the Device.Local certificate used by TR-069 clientYou can choose a local certificate used by TR-069 client. The local certificate should be imported in the Security > Certificates > Local Certificates screen. Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 295CHAPTER 33TR-06433.1 OverviewThis chapter explains how to configure the Device’s TR-064 auto-configuration settings.33.2 The TR-064 ScreenTR-064 is a LAN-Side DSL CPE Configuration protocol defined by the DSL Forum. TR-064 is built on top of UPnP. It allows the users to use a TR-064 compliant CPE management application on their computers from the LAN to discover the CPE and configure user-specific parameters, such as the username and password.Click Maintenance > TR-064 to open the following screen. Figure 172 Maintenance > TR-064 The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 142 Maintenance > TR-064LABEL DESCRIPTIONState Select Enable to activate management via TR-064 on the LAN.Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.
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VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 297CHAPTER 34SNMP34.1 OverviewThis chapter explains how to configure the SNMP settings on the Device.34.2 The SNMP ScreenSimple Network Management Protocol is a protocol used for exchanging management information between network devices. Your Device supports SNMP agent functionality, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor the Device through the network. The Device supports SNMP version one (SNMPv1) and version two (SNMPv2c). The next figure illustrates an SNMP management operation.Figure 173 SNMP Management ModelAn SNMP managed network consists of two main types of component: agents and a manager. An agent is a management software module that resides in a managed device (the Device). An agent translates the local management information from the managed device into a form compatible with SNMP. The manager is the console through which network administrators perform network management functions. It executes applications that control and monitor managed devices. The managed devices contain object variables/managed objects that define each piece of information to be collected about a device. Examples of variables include such as number of packets received, node port status etc. A Management Information Base (MIB) is a collection of
Chapter 34 SNMPVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide298managed objects. SNMP allows a manager and agents to communicate for the purpose of accessing these objects.SNMP itself is a simple request/response protocol based on the manager/agent model. The manager issues a request and the agent returns responses using the following protocol operations:• Get - Allows the manager to retrieve an object variable from the agent. • GetNext - Allows the manager to retrieve the next object variable from a table or list within an agent. In SNMPv1, when a manager wants to retrieve all elements of a table from an agent, it initiates a Get operation, followed by a series of GetNext operations. • Set - Allows the manager to set values for object variables within an agent. • Trap - Used by the agent to inform the manager of some events.Click Maintenance > SNMP to open the following screen. Use this screen to configure the Device SNMP settings. Figure 174 Maintenance > SNMP The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 143 Maintenance > SNMPLABEL DESCRIPTIONSNMP Agent Select Enable to let the Device act as an SNMP agent, which allows a manager station to manage and monitor the Device through the network. Select Disable to turn this feature off.Get Community Enter the Get Community, which is the password for the incoming Get and GetNext requests from the management station.Set Community Enter the Set community, which is the password for incoming Set requests from the management station.System Name Enter the SNMP system name.System Location Enter the SNMP system location.System Contact Enter the SNMP system contact.Trap Destination Type the IP address of the station to send your SNMP traps to.Apply Click this to save your changes back to the Device. Cancel Click this to restore your previously saved settings.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 299CHAPTER 35Time Settings35.1 OverviewThis chapter shows you how to configure system related settings, such as system time, password, name, the domain name and the inactivity timeout interval. 35.2 The Time Screen To change your Device’s time and date, click Maintenance > Time. The screen appears as shown. Use this screen to configure the Device’s time based on your local time zone.Figure 175 Maintenance > Time
Chapter 35 Time SettingsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide300The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 144 Maintenance > TimeLABEL DESCRIPTIONCurrent Date/TimeCurrent Time This field displays the time of your Device.Each time you reload this page, the Device synchronizes the time with the time server.Current Date This field displays the date of your Device. Each time you reload this page, the Device synchronizes the date with the time server.NTP Time ServerFirst ~ Fifth NTP time server Select an NTP time server from the drop-down list box. Otherwise, select Other and enter the IP address or URL (up to 29 extended ASCII characters in length) of your time server. Select None if you don’t want to configure the time server.Check with your ISP/network administrator if you are unsure of this information.Time ZoneTime zone offset Choose the time zone of your location. This will set the time difference between your time zone and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Daylight Saving Daylight Saving Time is a period from late spring to early fall when many countries set their clocks ahead of normal local time by one hour to give more daytime light in the evening.State Select Enable if you use Daylight Saving Time.Start rule: Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time starts if you enabled Daylight Saving. You can select a specific date in a particular month or a specific day of a specific week in a particular month. The Time field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:Daylight Saving Time starts in most parts of the United States on the second Sunday of March. Each time zone in the United States starts using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States, set the day to Second, Sunday, the month to March and the time to 2 in the Hour field.Daylight Saving Time starts in the European Union on the last Sunday of March. All of the time zones in the European Union start using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would set the day to Last, Sunday and the month to March. The time you select in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would select 2 in the Hour field because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1). End rule Configure the day and time when Daylight Saving Time ends if you enabled Daylight Saving. You can select a specific date in a particular month or a specific day of a specific week in a particular month. The Time field uses the 24 hour format. Here are a couple of examples:Daylight Saving Time ends in the United States on the first Sunday of November. Each time zone in the United States stops using Daylight Saving Time at 2 A.M. local time. So in the United States you would set the day to First, Sunday, the month to November and the time to 2 in the Hour field. Daylight Saving Time ends in the European Union on the last Sunday of October. All of the time zones in the European Union stop using Daylight Saving Time at the same moment (1 A.M. GMT or UTC). So in the European Union you would set the day to Last, Sunday, and the month to October. The time you select in the o'clock field depends on your time zone. In Germany for instance, you would select 2 in the Hour field because Germany's time zone is one hour ahead of GMT or UTC (GMT+1).
Chapter 35 Time SettingsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 301Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to exit this screen without saving.Table 144 Maintenance > Time (continued)LABEL DESCRIPTION
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VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 303CHAPTER 36E-mail Notification36.1 Overview A mail server is an application or a computer that runs such an application to receive, forward and deliver e-mail messages.To have the Device send reports, logs or notifications via e-mail, you must specify an e-mail server and the e-mail addresses of the sender and receiver.36.2 The Email Notification ScreenClick Maintenance > Email Notification to open the Email Notification screen. Use this screen to view, remove and add mail server information on the Device.Figure 176 Maintenance > Email Notification The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 145 Maintenance > Email NotificationLABEL DESCRIPTIONAdd New Email Click this button to create a new entry.Mail Server Address This field displays the server name or the IP address of the mail server.Username This field displays the user name of the sender’s mail account.Password This field displays the password of the sender’s mail account.Email Address This field displays the e-mail address that you want to be in the from/sender line of the e-mail that the Device sends. Delete Click this button to delete the selected entry(ies).
Chapter 36 E-mail NotificationVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide30436.2.1 Email Notification Edit Click the Add button in the Email Notification screen. Use this screen to configure the required information for sending e-mail via a mail server. Figure 177 Email Notification > Add The following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 146 Email Notification > AddLABEL DESCRIPTIONMail Server Address Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail address specified in the Account Email Address field. If this field is left blank, reports, logs or notifications will not be sent via e-mail.Authentication Username Enter the user name (up to 32 characters). This is usually the user name of a mail account you specified in the Account Email Address field.Authentication Password Enter the password associated with the user name above.Account Email Address Enter the e-mail address that you want to be in the from/sender line of the e-mail notification that the Device sends. If you activate SSL/TLS authentication, the e-mail address must be able to be authenticated by the mail server as well.Apply Click this button to save your changes and return to the previous screen.Cancel Click this button to begin configuring this screen afresh.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 305CHAPTER 37Logs Setting37.1 Overview You can configure where the Device sends logs and which logs and/or immediate alerts the Device records in the Logs Setting screen.37.2 The Log Settings ScreenTo change your Device’s log settings, click Maintenance > Logs Setting. The screen appears as shown.Figure 178 Maintenance > Logs Setting
Chapter 37 Logs SettingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide306The following table describes the fields in this screen. 37.2.1 Example E-mail LogAn "End of Log" message displays for each mail in which a complete log has been sent. The following is an example of a log sent by e-mail.• You may edit the subject title.• The date format here is Day-Month-Year.• The date format here is Month-Day-Year. The time format is Hour-Minute-Second.Table 147 Maintenance > Logs SettingLABEL DESCRIPTIONSyslog SettingSyslog Logging The Device sends a log to an external syslog server. Select Enable to enable syslog logging. Mode Select the syslog destination from the drop-down list box. If you select Remote, the log(s) will be sent to a remote syslog server. If you select Local File, the log(s) will be saved in a local file. If you want to send the log(s) to a remote syslog server and save it in a local file, select Local File and Remote.Syslog Server Enter the server name or IP address of the syslog server that will log the selected categories of logs. UDP Port Enter the port number used by the syslog server.E-mail Log SettingsMail Server Enter the server name or the IP address of the mail server for the e-mail addresses specified below. If this field is left blank, logs and alert messages will not be sent via E-mail. System Log Mail Subject Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the system log e-mail message that the Device sends. Security Log Mail Subject Type a title that you want to be in the subject line of the security log e-mail message that the Device sends. Send Log to The Device sends logs to the e-mail address specified in this field. If this field is left blank, the Device does not send logs via E-mail. Send Alarm to Alerts are real-time notifications that are sent as soon as an event, such as a DoS attack, system error, or forbidden web access attempt occurs. Enter the E-mail address where the alert messages will be sent. Alerts include system errors, attacks and attempted access to blocked web sites. If this field is left blank, alert messages will not be sent via E-mail. Alarm Interval Specify how often the alarm should be updated.Allowed Capacity Before Email Set what percent of the Device’s log storage space can be filled before the Device sends a log e-mail. Clear log after sending mail Select this to delete all the logs after the Device sends an E-mail of the logs.Active Log and AlertSystem Log Select the categories of system logs that you want to record.Security Log Select the categories of security logs that you want to record.Send immediate alert Select log categories for which you want the Device to send E-mail alerts immediately. Apply Click Apply to save your changes.Cancel Click Cancel to restore your previously saved settings.
Chapter 37 Logs SettingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 307•"End of Log" message shows that a complete log has been sent.Figure 179 E-mail Log Example Subject: Firewall Alert From Date: Fri, 07 Apr 2000 10:05:42 From: user@zyxel.com To: user@zyxel.com 1|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1 To:192.168.1.255 |default policy |forward | 09:54:03 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,00> | 2|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.131 To:192.168.1.255 |default policy |forward | 09:54:17 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,00> | 3|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.6 To:10.10.10.10 |match |forward | 09:54:19 |UDP src port:03516 dest port:00053 |<1,01> | ……………………………..{snip}…………………………………..……………………………..{snip}…………………………………..126|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1 To:192.168.1.255 |match |forward | 10:05:00 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02> | 127|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.131 To:192.168.1.255 |match |forward | 10:05:17 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02> | 128|Apr 7 00 |From:192.168.1.1 To:192.168.1.255 |match |forward | 10:05:30 |UDP src port:00520 dest port:00520 |<1,02> | End of Firewall Log
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VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 309CHAPTER 38Firmware Upgrade38.1 OverviewThis chapter explains how to upload new firmware to your Device. You can download new firmware releases from your nearest ZyXEL FTP site (or www.zyxel.com) to use to upgrade your device’s performance.Only use firmware for your device’s specific model. Refer to the label on the bottom of your Device.38.2 The Firmware ScreenClick Maintenance > Firmware Upgrade to open the following screen. The upload process uses HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) and may take up to two minutes. After a successful upload, the system will reboot. Do NOT turn off the Device while firmware upload is in progress!Figure 180 Maintenance > Firmware UpgradeThe following table describes the labels in this screen. Table 148 Maintenance > Firmware UpgradeLABEL DESCRIPTIONCurrent Firmware VersionThis is the present Firmware version and the date created. File Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it.Browse... Click this to find the .bin file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.zip) files before you can upload them. Upload Click this to begin the upload process. This process may take up to two minutes.
Chapter 38 Firmware UpgradeVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide310After you see the firmware updating screen, wait two minutes before logging into the Device again. Figure 181 Firmware UploadingThe Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.Figure 182 Network Temporarily DisconnectedAfter two minutes, log in again and check your new firmware version in the Status screen.If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click OK to go back to the Firmware Upgrade screen.Figure 183 Error Message
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 311CHAPTER 39Configuration39.1 OverviewThe Configuration screen allows you to backup and restore device configurations. You can also reset your device settings back to the factory default.39.2 The Configuration Screen Click Maintenance > Configuration. Information related to factory defaults, backup configuration, and restoring configuration appears in this screen, as shown next.Figure 184 Maintenance > ConfigurationBackup Configuration Backup Configuration allows you to back up (save) the Device’s current configuration to a file on your computer. Once your Device is configured and functioning properly, it is highly recommended that you back up your configuration file before making configuration changes. The backup configuration file will be useful in case you need to return to your previous settings. Click Backup to save the Device’s current configuration to your computer.
Chapter 39 ConfigurationVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide312Restore Configuration Restore Configuration allows you to upload a new or previously saved configuration file from your computer to your Device.Do not turn off the Device while configuration file upload is in progress.After the Device configuration has been restored successfully, the login screen appears. Login again to restart the Device. The Device automatically restarts in this time causing a temporary network disconnect. In some operating systems, you may see the following icon on your desktop.Figure 185 Network Temporarily DisconnectedIf you uploaded the default configuration file you may need to change the IP address of your computer to be in the same subnet as that of the default device IP address (192.168.1.1). See Appendix A on page 327 for details on how to set up your computer’s IP address.If the upload was not successful, the following screen will appear. Click OK to go back to the Configuration screen. Figure 186 Configuration Upload ErrorTable 149 Restore ConfigurationLABEL DESCRIPTIONFile Path Type in the location of the file you want to upload in this field or click Browse ... to find it.Browse... Click this to find the file you want to upload. Remember that you must decompress compressed (.ZIP) files before you can upload them. Upload Click this to begin the upload process.
Chapter 39 ConfigurationVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 313Reset to Factory Defaults Click the Reset button to clear all user-entered configuration information and return the Device to its factory defaults. The following warning screen appears.Figure 187 Reset Warning MessageFigure 188 Reset In Process MessageYou can also press the RESET button on the rear panel to reset the factory defaults of your Device. Refer to Section 1.6 on page 22 for more information on the RESET button.39.3 The Reboot Screen System restart allows you to reboot the Device remotely without turning the power off. You may need to do this if the Device hangs, for example.Click Maintenance > Reboot. Click Reboot to have the Device reboot. This does not affect the Device's configuration. Figure 189 Maintenance > Reboot
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VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 315CHAPTER 40Diagnostic40.1 OverviewThe Diagnostic screens display information to help you identify problems with the Device.The route between a CO VDSL switch and one of its CPE may go through switches owned by independent organizations. A connectivity fault point generally takes time to discover and impacts subscriber’s network access. In order to eliminate the management and maintenance efforts, IEEE 802.1ag is a Connectivity Fault Management (CFM) specification which allows network administrators to identify and manage connection faults. Through discovery and verification of the path, CFM can detect, analyze and isolate connectivity faults in bridged LANs.40.1.1 What You Can Do in this Chapter•The Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup screen lets you ping an IP address or trace the route packets take to a host (Section 40.3 on page 316).•The 802.1ag screen lets you perform CFM actions (Section 40.5 on page 318).•The OAM Ping screen lets you send an ATM OAM (Operation, Administration and Maintenance) packet to verify the connectivity of a specific PVC. (Section 40.5 on page 318).40.2 What You Need to KnowThe following terms and concepts may help as you read through this chapter.How CFM Works A Maintenance Association (MA) defines a VLAN and associated Maintenance End Point (MEP) ports on the device under a Maintenance Domain (MD) level. An MEP port has the ability to send Connectivity Check Messages (CCMs) and get other MEP ports information from neighbor devices’ CCMs within an MA. CFM provides two tests to discover connectivity faults. • Loopback test - checks if the MEP port receives its Loop Back Response (LBR) from its target after it sends the Loop Back Message (LBM). If no response is received, there might be a connectivity fault between them. • Link trace test - provides additional connectivity fault analysis to get more information on where the fault is. If an MEP port does not respond to the source MEP, this may indicate a fault. Administrators can take further action to check and resume services from the fault according to the line connectivity status report.
Chapter 40 DiagnosticVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide31640.3 Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookup Use this screen to ping, traceroute, or nslookup an IP address. Click Maintenance > Diagnostic > Ping&TraceRoute&NsLookup to open the screen shown next.Figure 190 Maintenance > Diagnostic > Ping &TraceRoute&NsLookup The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 150 Maintenance > Diagnostic > Ping & TraceRoute & NsLookupLABEL DESCRIPTIONURL or IP Address Type the IP address of a computer that you want to perform ping, traceroute, or nslookup in order to test a connection.Ping Click this to ping the IP address that you entered.TraceRoute Click this button to perform the traceroute function. This determines the path a packet takes to the specified computer.Nslookup Click this button to perform a DNS lookup on the IP address of a computer you enter.
Chapter 40 DiagnosticVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 31740.4 802.1agClick Maintenance > Diagnostic > 8.2.1ag to open the following screen. Use this screen to perform CFM actions. Figure 191 Maintenance > Diagnostic > 802.1ag The following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 151 Maintenance > Diagnostic > 802.1agLABEL DESCRIPTION802.1ag Connectivity Fault Management Maintenance Domain (MD) LevelSelect a level (0-7) under which you want to create an MA.Destination MAC Address Enter the target device’s MAC address to which the Device performs a CFM loopback test.802.1Q VLAN ID Type a VLAN ID (0-4095) for this MA.VDSL Traffic Type This shows whether the VDSL traffic is activated.Loopback Message (LBM) This shows how many Loop Back Messages (LBMs) are sent and if there is any inorder or outorder Loop Back Response (LBR) received from a remote MEP.Linktrace Message (LTM) This shows the destination MAC address in the Link Trace Response (LTR).Set MD Level Click this button to configure the MD (Maintenance Domain) level.Send Loopback Click this button to have the selected MEP send the LBM (Loop Back Message) to a specified remote end point.Send Linktrace Click this button to have the selected MEP send the LTMs (Link Trace Messages) to a specified remote end point.
Chapter 40 DiagnosticVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide31840.5 OAM Ping Click Maintenance > Diagnostic > OAM Ping to open the screen shown next. Use this screen to perform an OAM (Operation, Administration and Maintenance) F4 or F5 loopback test on a PVC. The Device sends an OAM F4 or F5 packet to the DSLAM or ATM switch and then returns it to the Device. The test result then displays in the text box. ATM sets up virtual circuits over which end systems communicate. The terminology for virtual circuits is as follows:Figure 192 Virtual Circuit TopologyThink of a virtual path as a cable that contains a bundle of wires. The cable connects two points and wires within the cable provide individual circuits between the two points. In an ATM cell header, a VPI (Virtual Path Identifier) identifies a link formed by a virtual path; a VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) identifies a channel within a virtual path. A series of virtual paths make up a virtual circuit.F4 cells operate at the virtual path (VP) level, while F5 cells operate at the virtual channel (VC) level. F4 cells use the same VPI as the user data cells on VP connections, but use different predefined VCI values. F5 cells use the same VPI and VCI as the user data cells on the VC connections, and are distinguished from data cells by a predefinded Payload Type Identifier (PTI) in the cell header. Both F4 flows and F5 flows are bidirectional and have two types. • segment F4 flows (VCI=3)• end-to-end F4 flows (VCI=4)• segment F5 flows (PTI=100)• end-to-end F5 flows (PTI=101)OAM F4 or F5 tests are used to check virtual path or virtual channel availability between two DSL devices. Segment flows are terminated at the connecting point which terminates a VP or VC segment. End-to-end flows are terminated at the end point of a VP or VC connection, where an ATM link is terminated. Segment loopback tests allow you to verify integrity of a PVC to the nearest neighboring ATM device. End-to-end loopback tests allow you to verify integrity of an end-to-end PVC.Note: The DSLAM to which the Device is connected must also support ATM F4 and/or F5 to use this test.• Virtual Channel (VC) Logical connections between ATM devices• Virtual Path (VP) A bundle of virtual channels• Virtual Circuits A series of virtual paths between circuit end points
Chapter 40 DiagnosticVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 319Note: This screen is available only when you configure an ATM layer-2 interface.Figure 193 Maintenance > Diagnostic > OAM PingThe following table describes the fields in this screen. Table 152 Maintenance > Diagnostic > OAM PingLABEL DESCRIPTIONSelect a PVC on which you want to perform the loopback test.F4 segment Press this to perform an OAM F4 segment loopback test.F4 end-end Press this to perform an OAM F4 end-to-end loopback test.F5 segment Press this to perform an OAM F5 segment loopback test.F5 end-end Press this to perform an OAM F5 end-to-end loopback test.
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VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 321CHAPTER 41TroubleshootingThis chapter offers some suggestions to solve problems you might encounter. The potential problems are divided into the following categories. •Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDs•Device Access and Login•Internet Access•Wireless Internet Access•USB Device Connection•UPnP41.1 Power, Hardware Connections, and LEDsThe Device does not turn on. None of the LEDs turn on.1Make sure the Device is turned on. 2Make sure you are using the power adaptor or cord included with the Device.3Make sure the power adaptor or cord is connected to the Device and plugged in to an appropriate power source. Make sure the power source is turned on.4Turn the Device off and on.5If the problem continues, contact the vendor.One of the LEDs does not behave as expected.1Make sure you understand the normal behavior of the LED. See Section 1.5 on page 20.2Check the hardware connections.3Inspect your cables for damage. Contact the vendor to replace any damaged cables.4Turn the Device off and on.
Chapter 41 TroubleshootingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide3225If the problem continues, contact the vendor.41.2 Device Access and LoginI forgot the IP address for the Device.1The default LAN IP address is 192.168.1.1.2If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, you might get the IP address of the Device by looking up the IP address of the default gateway for your computer. To do this in most Windows computers, click Start > Run, enter cmd, and then enter ipconfig. The IP address of the Default Gateway might be the IP address of the Device (it depends on the network), so enter this IP address in your Internet browser.3If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page 22.I forgot the password.1The default admin password is 1234.2If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 1.6 on page 22.I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator.1Make sure you are using the correct IP address.• The default IP address is 192.168.1.1.• If you changed the IP address (Section 7.2 on page 107), use the new IP address.• If you changed the IP address and have forgotten it, see the troubleshooting suggestions for I forgot the IP address for the Device.2Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See Section 1.5 on page 20.3Make sure your Internet browser does not block pop-up windows and has JavaScripts and Java enabled. See Appendix C on page 357.4If it is possible to log in from another interface, check the service control settings for HTTP and HTTPS (Maintenance > Remote MGMT).
Chapter 41 TroubleshootingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 3235Reset the device to its factory defaults, and try to access the Device with the default IP address. See Section 1.6 on page 22.6If the problem continues, contact the network administrator or vendor, or try one of the advanced suggestions.Advanced Suggestions• Make sure you have logged out of any earlier management sessions using the same user account even if they were through a different interface or using a different browser.• Try to access the Device using another service, such as Telnet. If you can access the Device, check the remote management settings and firewall rules to find out why the Device does not respond to HTTP. I can see the Login screen, but I cannot log in to the Device.1Make sure you have entered the password correctly. The default admin password is 1234. The field is case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 2You cannot log in to the web configurator while someone is using Telnet to access the Device. Log out of the Device in the other session, or ask the person who is logged in to log out. 3Turn the Device off and on. 4If this does not work, you have to reset the device to its factory defaults. See Section 41.1 on page 321.I cannot Telnet to the Device.See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.I cannot use FTP to upload / download the configuration file. / I cannot use FTP to upload new firmware.See the troubleshooting suggestions for I cannot see or access the Login screen in the web configurator. Ignore the suggestions about your browser.
Chapter 41 TroubleshootingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide32441.3 Internet AccessI cannot access the Internet.1Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.5 on page 20.2Make sure you entered your ISP account information correctly in the Network Setting > Broadband screen. These fields are case-sensitive, so make sure [Caps Lock] is not on. 3If you are trying to access the Internet wirelessly, make sure that you enabled the wireless LAN in the Device and your wireless client and that the wireless settings in the wireless client are the same as the settings in the Device.4Disconnect all the cables from your device and reconnect them. 5If the problem continues, contact your ISP. I cannot access the Internet through a DSL connection.1Make sure you have the DSL WAN port connected to a telephone jack (or the DSL or modem jack on a splitter if you have one).2Make sure you configured a proper DSL WAN interface (Network Setting > Broadband screen) with the Internet account information provided by your ISP and that it is enabled.3Check that the LAN interface you are connected to is in the same interface group as the DSL connection (Network Setting > Interface Group).4If you set up a WAN connection using bridging service, make sure you turn off the DHCP feature in the LAN screen to have the clients get WAN IP addresses directly from your ISP’s DHCP server.I cannot connect to the Internet using a second DSL connection.ADSL and VDSL connections cannot work at the same time. You can only use one type of DSL connection, either ADSL or VDSL connection at one time.I cannot access the Internet anymore. I had access to the Internet (with the Device), but my Internet connection is not available anymore.1Your session with the Device may have expired. Try logging into the Device again.
Chapter 41 TroubleshootingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 3252Check the hardware connections, and make sure the LEDs are behaving as expected. See the Quick Start Guide and Section 1.5 on page 20.3Turn the Device off and on.4If the problem continues, contact your ISP. 41.4 Wireless Internet AccessWhat factors may cause intermittent or unstabled wireless connection? How can I solve this problem?The following factors may cause interference:• Obstacles: walls, ceilings, furniture, and so on.• Building Materials: metal doors, aluminum studs.• Electrical devices: microwaves, monitors, electric motors, cordless phones, and other wireless devices.To optimize the speed and quality of your wireless connection, you can:• Move your wireless device closer to the AP if the signal strength is low.• Reduce wireless interference that may be caused by other wireless networks or surrounding wireless electronics such as cordless phones.• Place the AP where there are minimum obstacles (such as walls and ceilings) between the AP and the wireless client. • Reduce the number of wireless clients connecting to the same AP simultaneously, or add additional APs if necessary.• Try closing some programs that use the Internet, especially peer-to-peer applications. If the wireless client is sending or receiving a lot of information, it may have too many programs open that use the Internet. What is a Server Set ID (SSID)?An SSID is a name that uniquely identifies a wireless network. The AP and all the clients within a wireless network must use the same SSID.
Chapter 41 TroubleshootingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide32641.5 USB Device Connection The Device fails to detect my USB device.1Disconnect the USB device.2Reboot the Device.3If you are connecting a USB hard drive that comes with an external power supply, make sure it is connected to an appropriate power source that is on. 4Re-connect your USB device to the Device.41.6 UPnPWhen using UPnP and the Device reboots, my computer cannot detect UPnP and refresh My Network Places > Local Network.1Disconnect the Ethernet cable from the Device’s LAN port or from your computer.2Re-connect the Ethernet cable. The Local Area Connection icon for UPnP disappears in the screen.Restart your computer.I cannot open special applications such as white board, file transfer and video when I use the MSN messenger.1Wait more than three minutes.2Restart the applications.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 327APPENDIX ASetting up Your Computer’s IP AddressAll computers must have a 10M or 100M Ethernet adapter card and TCP/IP installed. Windows 95/98/Me/NT/2000/XP/Vista, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems and all versions of UNIX/LINUX include the software components you need to install and use TCP/IP on your computer. Windows 3.1 requires the purchase of a third-party TCP/IP application package.TCP/IP should already be installed on computers using Windows NT/2000/XP, Macintosh OS 7 and later operating systems.After the appropriate TCP/IP components are installed, configure the TCP/IP settings in order to "communicate" with your network. If you manually assign IP information instead of using dynamic assignment, make sure that your computers have IP addresses that place them in the same subnet as the Device’s LAN port.Windows 95/98/MeClick Start, Settings, Control Panel and double-click the Network icon to open the Network window.Figure 194 WIndows 95/98/Me: Network: Configuration
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide328Installing ComponentsThe Network window Configuration tab displays a list of installed components. You need a network adapter, the TCP/IP protocol and Client for Microsoft Networks.If you need the adapter:1In the Network window, click Add.2Select Adapter and then click Add.3Select the manufacturer and model of your network adapter and then click OK.If you need TCP/IP:1In the Network window, click Add.2Select Protocol and then click Add.3Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.4Select TCP/IP from the list of network protocols and then click OK.If you need Client for Microsoft Networks:1Click Add.2Select Client and then click Add.3Select Microsoft from the list of manufacturers.4Select Client for Microsoft Networks from the list of network clients and then click OK.5Restart your computer so the changes you made take effect.Configuring 1In the Network window Configuration tab, select your network adapter's TCP/IP entry and click Properties2Click the IP Address tab.• If your IP address is dynamic, select Obtain an IP address automatically.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 329• If you have a static IP address, select Specify an IP address and type your information into the IP Address and Subnet Mask fields.Figure 195 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: IP Address3Click the DNS Configuration tab.• If you do not know your DNS information, select Disable DNS.• If you know your DNS information, select Enable DNS and type the information in the fields below (you may not need to fill them all in).Figure 196 Windows 95/98/Me: TCP/IP Properties: DNS Configuration
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide3304Click the Gateway tab.• If you do not know your gateway’s IP address, remove previously installed gateways.• If you have a gateway IP address, type it in the New gateway field and click Add.5Click OK to save and close the TCP/IP Properties window.6Click OK to close the Network window. Insert the Windows CD if prompted.7Turn on your Device and restart your computer when prompted.Verifying Settings1Click Start and then Run.2In the Run window, type "winipcfg" and then click OK to open the IP Configuration window.3Select your network adapter. You should see your computer's IP address, subnet mask and default gateway.Windows 2000/NT/XPThe following example figures use the default Windows XP GUI theme.1Click start (Start in Windows 2000/NT), Settings, Control Panel.Figure 197 Windows XP: Start Menu
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 3312In the Control Panel, double-click Network Connections (Network and Dial-up Connections in Windows 2000/NT).Figure 198 Windows XP: Control Panel3Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.Figure 199 Windows XP: Control Panel: Network Connections: Properties
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide3324Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (under the General tab in Win XP) and then click Properties.Figure 200 Windows XP: Local Area Connection Properties5The Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window opens (the General tab in Windows XP).• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP Address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 333• Click Advanced.Figure 201 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties6 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK.Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask, and then click Add.• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default gateways.•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric.• Click Add. • Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide334• Click OK when finished.Figure 202 Windows XP: Advanced TCP/IP Properties7In the Internet Protocol TCP/IP Properties window (the General tab in Windows XP):• Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP address(es).• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 335If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order them.Figure 203 Windows XP: Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties8Click OK to close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window.9Click Close (OK in Windows 2000/NT) to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.10 Close the Network Connections window (Network and Dial-up Connections in Windows 2000/NT).11 Turn on your Device and restart your computer (if prompted).Verifying Settings1Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab.Windows VistaThis section shows screens from Windows Vista Enterprise Version 6.0.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide3361Click the Start icon, Control Panel.Figure 204 Windows Vista: Start Menu2In the Control Panel, double-click Network and Internet.Figure 205 Windows Vista: Control Panel3Click Network and Sharing Center.Figure 206 Windows Vista: Network And Internet
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 3374Click Manage network connections.Figure 207 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center5Right-click Local Area Connection and then click Properties.Note: During this procedure, click Continue whenever Windows displays a screen saying that it needs your permission to continue.Figure 208 Windows Vista: Network and Sharing Center
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide3386Select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) and click Properties.Figure 209 Windows Vista: Local Area Connection Properties7The Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window opens (the General tab).• If you have a dynamic IP address click Obtain an IP address automatically.• If you have a static IP address click Use the following IP address and fill in the IP address, Subnet mask, and Default gateway fields.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 339• Click Advanced.Figure 210 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties8 If you do not know your gateway's IP address, remove any previously installed gateways in the IP Settings tab and click OK.Do one or more of the following if you want to configure additional IP addresses:•In the IP Settings tab, in IP addresses, click Add.•In TCP/IP Address, type an IP address in IP address and a subnet mask in Subnet mask, and then click Add.• Repeat the above two steps for each IP address you want to add.• Configure additional default gateways in the IP Settings tab by clicking Add in Default gateways.•In TCP/IP Gateway Address, type the IP address of the default gateway in Gateway. To manually configure a default metric (the number of transmission hops), clear the Automatic metric check box and type a metric in Metric.• Click Add. • Repeat the previous three steps for each default gateway you want to add.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide340• Click OK when finished.Figure 211 Windows Vista: Advanced TCP/IP Properties9In the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window, (the General tab):• Click Obtain DNS server address automatically if you do not know your DNS server IP address(es).• If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click Use the following DNS server addresses, and type them in the Preferred DNS server and Alternate DNS server fields.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 341If you have previously configured DNS servers, click Advanced and then the DNS tab to order them.Figure 212 Windows Vista: Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties10 Click OK to close the Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IPv4) Properties window.11 Click Close to close the Local Area Connection Properties window.12 Close the Network Connections window.13 Turn on your Device and restart your computer (if prompted).Verifying Settings1Click Start, All Programs, Accessories and then Command Prompt.2In the Command Prompt window, type "ipconfig" and then press [ENTER]. You can also open Network Connections, right-click a network connection, click Status and then click the Support tab.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide342Macintosh OS 8/9 1Click the Apple menu, Control Panel and double-click TCP/IP to open the TCP/IP Control Panel.Figure 213 Macintosh OS 8/9: Apple Menu
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 3432Select Ethernet built-in from the Connect via list.Figure 214 Macintosh OS 8/9: TCP/IP3For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP Server from the Configure: list.4For statically assigned settings, do the following:•From the Configure box, select Manually.• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.• Type the IP address of your Device in the Router address box.5Close the TCP/IP Control Panel.6Click Save if prompted, to save changes to your configuration.7Turn on your Device and restart your computer (if prompted).Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties in the TCP/IP Control Panel window.Macintosh OS X1Click the Apple menu, and click System Preferences to open the System Preferences window.Figure 215 Macintosh OS X: Apple Menu2Click Network in the icon bar. •Select Automatic from the Location list.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide344•Select Built-in Ethernet from the Show list. • Click the TCP/IP tab.3For dynamically assigned settings, select Using DHCP from the Configure list.Figure 216 Macintosh OS X: Network4For statically assigned settings, do the following:•From the Configure box, select Manually.• Type your IP address in the IP Address box.• Type your subnet mask in the Subnet mask box.• Type the IP address of your Device in the Router address box.5Click Apply Now and close the window.6Turn on your Device and restart your computer (if prompted).Verifying SettingsCheck your TCP/IP properties in the Network window.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 345Linux This section shows you how to configure your computer’s TCP/IP settings in Red Hat Linux 9.0. Procedure, screens and file location may vary depending on your Linux distribution and release version. Note: Make sure you are logged in as the root administrator. Using the K Desktop Environment (KDE)Follow the steps below to configure your computer IP address using the KDE. 1Click the Red Hat button (located on the bottom left corner), select System Setting and click Network.Figure 217 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Devices
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide3462Double-click on the profile of the network card you wish to configure. The Ethernet Device General screen displays as shown. Figure 218 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Ethernet Device: General • If you have a dynamic IP address, click Automatically obtain IP address settings with and select dhcp from the drop down list. • If you have a static IP address, click Statically set IP Addresses and fill in the Address, Subnet mask, and Default Gateway Address fields. 3Click OK to save the changes and close the Ethernet Device General screen. 4If you know your DNS server IP address(es), click the DNS tab in the Network Configuration screen. Enter the DNS server information in the fields provided. Figure 219 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: DNS 5Click the Devices tab.
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 3476Click the Activate button to apply the changes. The following screen displays. Click Yes to save the changes in all screens.Figure 220 Red Hat 9.0: KDE: Network Configuration: Activate 7After the network card restart process is complete, make sure the Status is Active in the Network Configuration screen.Using Configuration FilesFollow the steps below to edit the network configuration files and set your computer IP address. 1Assuming that you have only one network card on the computer, locate the ifconfig-eth0 configuration file (where eth0 is the name of the Ethernet card). Open the configuration file with any plain text editor.• If you have a dynamic IP address, enter dhcp in the BOOTPROTO= field. The following figure shows an example. Figure 221 Red Hat 9.0: Dynamic IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0 • If you have a static IP address, enter static in the BOOTPROTO= field. Type IPADDR= followed by the IP address (in dotted decimal notation) and type NETMASK= followed by the subnet mask. The following example shows an example where the static IP address is 192.168.1.10 and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0. Figure 222 Red Hat 9.0: Static IP Address Setting in ifconfig-eth0 DEVICE=eth0ONBOOT=yesBOOTPROTO=dhcpUSERCTL=noPEERDNS=yesTYPE=EthernetDEVICE=eth0ONBOOT=yesBOOTPROTO=staticIPADDR=192.168.1.10NETMASK=255.255.255.0USERCTL=noPEERDNS=yesTYPE=Ethernet
Appendix A Setting up Your Computer’s IP AddressVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide3482If you know your DNS server IP address(es), enter the DNS server information in the resolv.conf file in the /etc directory. The following figure shows an example where two DNS server IP addresses are specified.Figure 223 Red Hat 9.0: DNS Settings in resolv.conf 3After you edit and save the configuration files, you must restart the network card. Enter ./network restart in the /etc/rc.d/init.d directory. The following figure shows an example.Figure 224 Red Hat 9.0: Restart Ethernet Card Verifying SettingsEnter ifconfig in a terminal screen to check your TCP/IP properties. Figure 225 Red Hat 9.0: Checking TCP/IP Properties nameserver 172.23.5.1nameserver 172.23.5.2[root@localhost init.d]# network restartShutting down interface eth0: [OK]Shutting down loopback interface: [OK]Setting network parameters: [OK]Bringing up loopback interface: [OK]Bringing up interface eth0: [OK][root@localhost]# ifconfig eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:50:BA:72:5B:44 inet addr:172.23.19.129 Bcast:172.23.19.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:717 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:13 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:100 RX bytes:730412 (713.2 Kb) TX bytes:1570 (1.5 Kb) Interrupt:10 Base address:0x1000 [root@localhost]#
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 349APPENDIX BIP Addresses and SubnettingThis appendix introduces IP addresses and subnet masks. IP addresses identify individual devices on a network. Every networking device (including computers, servers, routers, printers, etc.) needs an IP address to communicate across the network. These networking devices are also known as hosts.Subnet masks determine the maximum number of possible hosts on a network. You can also use subnet masks to divide one network into multiple sub-networks.Introduction to IP AddressesOne part of the IP address is the network number, and the other part is the host ID. In the same way that houses on a street share a common street name, the hosts on a network share a common network number. Similarly, as each house has its own house number, each host on the network has its own unique identifying number - the host ID. Routers use the network number to send packets to the correct network, while the host ID determines to which host on the network the packets are delivered.StructureAn IP address is made up of four parts, written in dotted decimal notation (for example, 192.168.1.1). Each of these four parts is known as an octet. An octet is an eight-digit binary number (for example 11000000, which is 192 in decimal notation). Therefore, each octet has a possible range of 00000000 to 11111111 in binary, or 0 to 255 in decimal.
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide350The following figure shows an example IP address in which the first three octets (192.168.1) are the network number, and the fourth octet (16) is the host ID.Figure 226 Network Number and Host IDHow much of the IP address is the network number and how much is the host ID varies according to the subnet mask. Subnet MasksA subnet mask is used to determine which bits are part of the network number, and which bits are part of the host ID (using a logical AND operation). The term “subnet” is short for “sub-network”.A subnet mask has 32 bits. If a bit in the subnet mask is a “1” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the network number. If a bit in the subnet mask is “0” then the corresponding bit in the IP address is part of the host ID. The following example shows a subnet mask identifying the network number (in bold text) and host ID of an IP address (192.168.1.2 in decimal).By convention, subnet masks always consist of a continuous sequence of ones beginning from the leftmost bit of the mask, followed by a continuous sequence of zeros, for a total number of 32 bits.Table 153 Subnet Masks1ST OCTET:(192)2ND OCTET:(168)3RD OCTET:(1)4TH OCTET(2)IP Address (Binary) 11000000 10101000 00000001 00000010Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000Network Number 11000000 10101000 00000001Host ID 00000010
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 351Subnet masks can be referred to by the size of the network number part (the bits with a “1” value). For example, an “8-bit mask” means that the first 8 bits of the mask are ones and the remaining 24 bits are zeroes.Subnet masks are expressed in dotted decimal notation just like IP addresses. The following examples show the binary and decimal notation for 8-bit, 16-bit, 24-bit and 29-bit subnet masks. Network SizeThe size of the network number determines the maximum number of possible hosts you can have on your network. The larger the number of network number bits, the smaller the number of remaining host ID bits. An IP address with host IDs of all zeros is the IP address of the network (192.168.1.0 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example). An IP address with host IDs of all ones is the broadcast address for that network (192.168.1.255 with a 24-bit subnet mask, for example).As these two IP addresses cannot be used for individual hosts, calculate the maximum number of possible hosts in a network as follows:NotationSince the mask is always a continuous number of ones beginning from the left, followed by a continuous number of zeros for the remainder of the 32 bit mask, you can simply specify the number of ones instead of writing the value of each octet. This is usually specified by writing a “/” followed by the number of bits in the mask after the address. For example, 192.1.1.0 /25 is equivalent to saying 192.1.1.0 with subnet mask 255.255.255.128. Table 154 Subnet MasksBINARYDECIMAL1ST OCTET 2ND OCTET 3RD OCTET 4TH OCTET8-bit mask 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000 255.0.0.016-bit mask 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000 255.255.0.024-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 255.255.255.029-bit mask 11111111 11111111 11111111 11111000 255.255.255.248Table 155 Maximum Host NumbersSUBNET MASK HOST ID SIZE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HOSTS8 bits 255.0.0.0 24 bits 224 – 2 1677721416 bits 255.255.0.0 16 bits 216 – 2 6553424 bits 255.255.255.0 8 bits 28 – 2 25429 bits 255.255.255.2483 bits 23 – 2 6
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide352The following table shows some possible subnet masks using both notations. SubnettingYou can use subnetting to divide one network into multiple sub-networks. In the following example a network administrator creates two sub-networks to isolate a group of servers from the rest of the company network for security reasons.In this example, the company network address is 192.168.1.0. The first three octets of the address (192.168.1) are the network number, and the remaining octet is the host ID, allowing a maximum of 28 – 2 or 254 possible hosts.The following figure shows the company network before subnetting. Figure 227 Subnetting Example: Before SubnettingYou can “borrow” one of the host ID bits to divide the network 192.168.1.0 into two separate sub-networks. The subnet mask is now 25 bits (255.255.255.128 or /25).The “borrowed” host ID bit can have a value of either 0 or 1, allowing two subnets; 192.168.1.0 /25 and 192.168.1.128 /25. Table 156 Alternative Subnet Mask NotationSUBNET MASK ALTERNATIVE NOTATION LAST OCTET (BINARY) LAST OCTET (DECIMAL)255.255.255.0 /24 0000 0000 0255.255.255.128 /25 1000 0000 128255.255.255.192 /26 1100 0000 192255.255.255.224 /27 1110 0000 224255.255.255.240 /28 1111 0000 240255.255.255.248 /29 1111 1000 248255.255.255.252 /30 1111 1100 252
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 353The following figure shows the company network after subnetting. There are now two sub-networks, A and B. Figure 228 Subnetting Example: After SubnettingIn a 25-bit subnet the host ID has 7 bits, so each sub-network has a maximum of 27 – 2 or 126 possible hosts (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet’s address itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address).192.168.1.0 with mask 255.255.255.128 is subnet A itself, and 192.168.1.127 with mask 255.255.255.128 is its broadcast address. Therefore, the lowest IP address that can be assigned to an actual host for subnet A is 192.168.1.1 and the highest is 192.168.1.126. Similarly, the host ID range for subnet B is 192.168.1.129 to 192.168.1.254.Example: Four Subnets The previous example illustrated using a 25-bit subnet mask to divide a 24-bit address into two subnets. Similarly, to divide a 24-bit address into four subnets, you need to “borrow” two host ID bits to give four possible combinations (00, 01, 10 and 11). The subnet mask is 26 bits (11111111.11111111.11111111.11000000) or 255.255.255.192. Each subnet contains 6 host ID bits, giving 26 - 2 or 62 hosts for each subnet (a host ID of all zeroes is the subnet itself, all ones is the subnet’s broadcast address). Table 157 Subnet 1IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address (Decimal) 192.168.1. 0IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 00000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide354Example: Eight SubnetsSimilarly, use a 27-bit mask to create eight subnets (000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110 and 111). The following table shows IP address last octet values for each subnet.Subnet Address: 192.168.1.0 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.1Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.63 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.62Table 158 Subnet 2IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 64IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 01000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.64 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.65Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.127 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.126Table 159 Subnet 3IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 128IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 10000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.128 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.129Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.191 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.190Table 160 Subnet 4IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUEIP Address 192.168.1. 192IP Address (Binary) 11000000.10101000.00000001. 11000000Subnet Mask (Binary) 11111111.11111111.11111111. 11000000Subnet Address: 192.168.1.192 Lowest Host ID: 192.168.1.193Broadcast Address: 192.168.1.255 Highest Host ID: 192.168.1.254Table 157 Subnet 1 (continued)IP/SUBNET MASK NETWORK NUMBER LAST OCTET BIT VALUETable 161 Eight SubnetsSUBNET SUBNET ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST ADDRESS BROADCAST ADDRESS1 0 1 30 31232 33 62 63
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 355Subnet PlanningThe following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 24-bit network number.The following table is a summary for subnet planning on a network with a 16-bit network number. 364 65 94 95496 97 126 1275128 129 158 1596160 161 190 1917192 193 222 2238224 225 254 255Table 161 Eight Subnets (continued)SUBNET SUBNET ADDRESS FIRST ADDRESS LAST ADDRESS BROADCAST ADDRESSTable 162 24-bit Network Number Subnet PlanningNO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET1255.255.255.128 (/25) 21262255.255.255.192 (/26) 4623255.255.255.224 (/27) 8304255.255.255.240 (/28) 16 145255.255.255.248 (/29) 32 66255.255.255.252 (/30) 64 27255.255.255.254 (/31) 128 1Table 163 16-bit Network Number Subnet PlanningNO. “BORROWED” HOST BITS SUBNET MASK NO. SUBNETS NO. HOSTS PER SUBNET1255.255.128.0 (/17) 2327662255.255.192.0 (/18) 4163823255.255.224.0 (/19) 881904255.255.240.0 (/20) 16 40945255.255.248.0 (/21) 32 20466255.255.252.0 (/22) 64 10227255.255.254.0 (/23) 128 5108255.255.255.0 (/24) 256 2549255.255.255.128 (/25) 512 12610 255.255.255.192 (/26) 1024 6211 255.255.255.224 (/27) 2048 3012 255.255.255.240 (/28) 4096 1413 255.255.255.248 (/29) 8192 614 255.255.255.252 (/30) 16384 215 255.255.255.254 (/31) 32768 1
Appendix B IP Addresses and SubnettingVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide356Configuring IP AddressesWhere you obtain your network number depends on your particular situation. If the ISP or your network administrator assigns you a block of registered IP addresses, follow their instructions in selecting the IP addresses and the subnet mask.If the ISP did not explicitly give you an IP network number, then most likely you have a single user account and the ISP will assign you a dynamic IP address when the connection is established. If this is the case, it is recommended that you select a network number from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.0. The Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA) reserved this block of addresses specifically for private use; please do not use any other number unless you are told otherwise. You must also enable Network Address Translation (NAT) on the Device. Once you have decided on the network number, pick an IP address for your Device that is easy to remember (for instance, 192.168.1.1) but make sure that no other device on your network is using that IP address.The subnet mask specifies the network number portion of an IP address. Your Device will compute the subnet mask automatically based on the IP address that you entered. You don't need to change the subnet mask computed by the Device unless you are instructed to do otherwise.Private IP AddressesEvery machine on the Internet must have a unique address. If your networks are isolated from the Internet (running only between two branch offices, for example) you can assign any IP addresses to the hosts without problems. However, the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) has reserved the following three blocks of IP addresses specifically for private networks:• 10.0.0.0 — 10.255.255.255• 172.16.0.0 — 172.31.255.255• 192.168.0.0 — 192.168.255.255You can obtain your IP address from the IANA, from an ISP, or it can be assigned from a private network. If you belong to a small organization and your Internet access is through an ISP, the ISP can provide you with the Internet addresses for your local networks. On the other hand, if you are part of a much larger organization, you should consult your network administrator for the appropriate IP addresses.Regardless of your particular situation, do not create an arbitrary IP address; always follow the guidelines above. For more information on address assignment, please refer to RFC 1597, Address Allocation for Private Internets and RFC 1466, Guidelines for Management of IP Address Space.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 357APPENDIX CPop-up Windows, JavaScripts and JavaPermissionsIn order to use the web configurator you need to allow:• Web browser pop-up windows from your device.• JavaScripts (enabled by default).• Java permissions (enabled by default).Note: Internet Explorer 6 screens are used here. Screens for other Internet Explorer versions may vary.Internet Explorer Pop-up BlockersYou may have to disable pop-up blocking to log into your device. Either disable pop-up blocking (enabled by default in Windows XP SP (Service Pack) 2) or allow pop-up blocking and create an exception for your device’s IP address.Disable Pop-up Blockers1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Pop-up Blocker and then select Turn Off Pop-up Blocker. Figure 229 Pop-up BlockerYou can also check if pop-up blocking is disabled in the Pop-up Blocker section in the Privacy tab. 1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options, Privacy.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide3582Clear the Block pop-ups check box in the Pop-up Blocker section of the screen. This disables any web pop-up blockers you may have enabled. Figure 230 Internet Options: Privacy3Click Apply to save this setting.Enable Pop-up Blockers with ExceptionsAlternatively, if you only want to allow pop-up windows from your device, see the following steps.1In Internet Explorer, select Tools, Internet Options and then the Privacy tab.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 3592Select Settings…to open the Pop-up Blocker Settings screen.Figure 231 Internet Options: Privacy3Type the IP address of your device (the web page that you do not want to have blocked) with the prefix “http://”. For example, http://192.168.167.1.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide3604Click Add to move the IP address to the list of Allowed sites.Figure 232 Pop-up Blocker Settings5Click Close to return to the Privacy screen. 6Click Apply to save this setting. JavaScriptsIf pages of the web configurator do not display properly in Internet Explorer, check that JavaScripts are allowed.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 3611In Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. Figure 233 Internet Options: Security 2Click the Custom Level... button. 3Scroll down to Scripting. 4Under Active scripting make sure that Enable is selected (the default).5Under Scripting of Java applets make sure that Enable is selected (the default).
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide3626Click OK to close the window.Figure 234 Security Settings - Java ScriptingJava Permissions1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Security tab. 2Click the Custom Level... button. 3Scroll down to Microsoft VM. 4Under Java permissions make sure that a safety level is selected.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 3635Click OK to close the window.Figure 235 Security Settings - Java JAVA (Sun)1From Internet Explorer, click Tools, Internet Options and then the Advanced tab. 2Make sure that Use Java 2 for <applet> under Java (Sun) is selected.
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide3643Click OK to close the window.Figure 236 Java (Sun)Mozilla FirefoxMozilla Firefox 2.0 screens are used here. Screens for other versions may vary. You can enable Java, Javascripts and pop-ups in one screen. Click Tools, then click Options in the screen that appears.Figure 237 Mozilla Firefox: Tools > Options
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 365Click Content.to show the screen below. Select the check boxes as shown in the following screen.Figure 238 Mozilla Firefox Content Security
Appendix C Pop-up Windows, JavaScripts and Java PermissionsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide366
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 367APPENDIX DWireless LANsWireless LAN TopologiesThis section discusses ad-hoc and infrastructure wireless LAN topologies.Ad-hoc Wireless LAN ConfigurationThe simplest WLAN configuration is an independent (Ad-hoc) WLAN that connects a set of computers with wireless adapters (A, B, C). Any time two or more wireless adapters are within range of each other, they can set up an independent network, which is commonly referred to as an ad-hoc network or Independent Basic Service Set (IBSS). The following diagram shows an example of notebook computers using wireless adapters to form an ad-hoc wireless LAN. Figure 239 Peer-to-Peer Communication in an Ad-hoc NetworkBSSA Basic Service Set (BSS) exists when all communications between wireless clients or between a wireless client and a wired network client go through one access point (AP). Intra-BSS traffic is traffic between wireless clients in the BSS. When Intra-BSS is enabled, wireless client A and B can access the wired network and communicate with each other. When Intra-BSS is
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide368disabled, wireless client A and B can still access the wired network but cannot communicate with each other.Figure 240 Basic Service SetESSAn Extended Service Set (ESS) consists of a series of overlapping BSSs, each containing an access point, with each access point connected together by a wired network. This wired connection between APs is called a Distribution System (DS).This type of wireless LAN topology is called an Infrastructure WLAN. The Access Points not only provide communication with the wired network but also mediate wireless network traffic in the immediate neighborhood.
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 369An ESSID (ESS IDentification) uniquely identifies each ESS. All access points and their associated wireless clients within the same ESS must have the same ESSID in order to communicate.Figure 241 Infrastructure WLANChannelA channel is the radio frequency(ies) used by wireless devices to transmit and receive data. Channels available depend on your geographical area. You may have a choice of channels (for your region) so you should use a channel different from an adjacent AP (access point) to reduce interference. Interference occurs when radio signals from different access points overlap causing interference and degrading performance.Adjacent channels partially overlap however. To avoid interference due to overlap, your AP should be on a channel at least five channels away from a channel that an adjacent AP is using. For example, if your region has 11 channels and an adjacent AP is using channel 1, then you need to select a channel between 6 or 11.RTS/CTSA hidden node occurs when two stations are within range of the same access point, but are not within range of each other. The following figure illustrates a hidden node. Both stations (STA) are within range of the access point (AP) or wireless gateway, but out-of-range of each other, so they
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide370cannot "hear" each other, that is they do not know if the channel is currently being used. Therefore, they are considered hidden from each other. Figure 242 RTS/CTSWhen station A sends data to the AP, it might not know that the station B is already using the channel. If these two stations send data at the same time, collisions may occur when both sets of data arrive at the AP at the same time, resulting in a loss of messages for both stations.RTS/CTS is designed to prevent collisions due to hidden nodes. An RTS/CTS defines the biggest size data frame you can send before an RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake is invoked.When a data frame exceeds the RTS/CTS value you set (between 0 to 2432 bytes), the station that wants to transmit this frame must first send an RTS (Request To Send) message to the AP for permission to send it. The AP then responds with a CTS (Clear to Send) message to all other stations within its range to notify them to defer their transmission. It also reserves and confirms with the requesting station the time frame for the requested transmission.Stations can send frames smaller than the specified RTS/CTS directly to the AP without the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. You should only configure RTS/CTS if the possibility of hidden nodes exists on your network and the "cost" of resending large frames is more than the extra network overhead involved in the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake. If the RTS/CTS value is greater than the Fragmentation Threshold value (see next), then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size. Note: Enabling the RTS Threshold causes redundant network overhead that could negatively affect the throughput performance instead of providing a remedy.Fragmentation ThresholdA Fragmentation Threshold is the maximum data fragment size (between 256 and 2432 bytes) that can be sent in the wireless network before the AP will fragment the packet into smaller data frames.A large Fragmentation Threshold is recommended for networks not prone to interference while you should set a smaller threshold for busy networks or networks that are prone to interference.
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 371If the Fragmentation Threshold value is smaller than the RTS/CTS value (see previously) you set then the RTS (Request To Send)/CTS (Clear to Send) handshake will never occur as data frames will be fragmented before they reach RTS/CTS size.IEEE 802.11g Wireless LANIEEE 802.11g is fully compatible with the IEEE 802.11b standard. This means an IEEE 802.11b adapter can interface directly with an IEEE 802.11g access point (and vice versa) at 11 Mbps or lower depending on range. IEEE 802.11g has several intermediate rate steps between the maximum and minimum data rates. The IEEE 802.11g data rate and modulation are as follows:Wireless Security OverviewWireless security is vital to your network to protect wireless communication between wireless clients, access points and the wired network.Wireless security methods available on the Device are data encryption, wireless client authentication, restricting access by device MAC address and hiding the Device identity.The following figure shows the relative effectiveness of these wireless security methods available on your Device.Note: You must enable the same wireless security settings on the Device and on all wireless clients that you want to associate with it. Table 164 IEEE 802.11gDATA RATE (MBPS) MODULATION1 DBPSK (Differential Binary Phase Shift Keyed)2 DQPSK (Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)5.5 / 11 CCK (Complementary Code Keying) 6/9/12/18/24/36/48/54 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) Table 165 Wireless Security LevelsSECURITY LEVEL SECURITY TYPELeast Secure Most SecureUnique SSID (Default)Unique SSID with Hide SSID EnabledMAC Address FilteringWEP EncryptionIEEE802.1x EAP with RADIUS Server AuthenticationWi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)WPA2
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide372IEEE 802.1xIn June 2001, the IEEE 802.1x standard was designed to extend the features of IEEE 802.11 to support extended authentication as well as providing additional accounting and control features. It is supported by Windows XP and a number of network devices. Some advantages of IEEE 802.1x are:• User based identification that allows for roaming.• Support for RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial In User Service, RFC 2138, 2139) for centralized user profile and accounting management on a network RADIUS server. • Support for EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol, RFC 2486) that allows additional authentication methods to be deployed with no changes to the access point or the wireless clients. RADIUSRADIUS is based on a client-server model that supports authentication, authorization and accounting. The access point is the client and the server is the RADIUS server. The RADIUS server handles the following tasks:• Authentication Determines the identity of the users.•AuthorizationDetermines the network services available to authenticated users once they are connected to the network.• AccountingKeeps track of the client’s network activity. RADIUS is a simple package exchange in which your AP acts as a message relay between the wireless client and the network RADIUS server. Types of RADIUS MessagesThe following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user authentication:• Access-RequestSent by an access point requesting authentication.• Access-RejectSent by a RADIUS server rejecting access.• Access-AcceptSent by a RADIUS server allowing access. • Access-ChallengeSent by a RADIUS server requesting more information in order to allow access. The access point sends a proper response from the user and then sends another Access-Request message. The following types of RADIUS messages are exchanged between the access point and the RADIUS server for user accounting:
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 373• Accounting-RequestSent by the access point requesting accounting.• Accounting-ResponseSent by the RADIUS server to indicate that it has started or stopped accounting. In order to ensure network security, the access point and the RADIUS server use a shared secret key, which is a password, they both know. The key is not sent over the network. In addition to the shared key, password information exchanged is also encrypted to protect the network from unauthorized access. Types of EAP Authentication This section discusses some popular authentication types: EAP-MD5, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, PEAP and LEAP. Your wireless LAN device may not support all authentication types. EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) is an authentication protocol that runs on top of the IEEE 802.1x transport mechanism in order to support multiple types of user authentication. By using EAP to interact with an EAP-compatible RADIUS server, an access point helps a wireless station and a RADIUS server perform authentication. The type of authentication you use depends on the RADIUS server and an intermediary AP(s) that supports IEEE 802.1x. For EAP-TLS authentication type, you must first have a wired connection to the network and obtain the certificate(s) from a certificate authority (CA). A certificate (also called digital IDs) can be used to authenticate users and a CA issues certificates and guarantees the identity of each certificate owner.EAP-MD5 (Message-Digest Algorithm 5)MD5 authentication is the simplest one-way authentication method. The authentication server sends a challenge to the wireless client. The wireless client ‘proves’ that it knows the password by encrypting the password with the challenge and sends back the information. Password is not sent in plain text. However, MD5 authentication has some weaknesses. Since the authentication server needs to get the plaintext passwords, the passwords must be stored. Thus someone other than the authentication server may access the password file. In addition, it is possible to impersonate an authentication server as MD5 authentication method does not perform mutual authentication. Finally, MD5 authentication method does not support data encryption with dynamic session key. You must configure WEP encryption keys for data encryption. EAP-TLS (Transport Layer Security)With EAP-TLS, digital certifications are needed by both the server and the wireless clients for mutual authentication. The server presents a certificate to the client. After validating the identity of the server, the client sends a different certificate to the server. The exchange of certificates is done in the open before a secured tunnel is created. This makes user identity vulnerable to passive attacks. A digital certificate is an electronic ID card that authenticates the sender’s identity. However, to implement EAP-TLS, you need a Certificate Authority (CA) to handle certificates, which imposes a management overhead.
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide374EAP-TTLS (Tunneled Transport Layer Service) EAP-TTLS is an extension of the EAP-TLS authentication that uses certificates for only the server-side authentications to establish a secure connection. Client authentication is then done by sending username and password through the secure connection, thus client identity is protected. For client authentication, EAP-TTLS supports EAP methods and legacy authentication methods such as PAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and MS-CHAP v2. PEAP (Protected EAP) Like EAP-TTLS, server-side certificate authentication is used to establish a secure connection, then use simple username and password methods through the secured connection to authenticate the clients, thus hiding client identity. However, PEAP only supports EAP methods, such as EAP-MD5, EAP-MSCHAPv2 and EAP-GTC (EAP-Generic Token Card), for client authentication. EAP-GTC is implemented only by Cisco.LEAPLEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) is a Cisco implementation of IEEE 802.1x. Dynamic WEP Key ExchangeThe AP maps a unique key that is generated with the RADIUS server. This key expires when the wireless connection times out, disconnects or reauthentication times out. A new WEP key is generated each time reauthentication is performed.If this feature is enabled, it is not necessary to configure a default encryption key in the wireless security configuration screen. You may still configure and store keys, but they will not be used while dynamic WEP is enabled.Note: EAP-MD5 cannot be used with Dynamic WEP Key ExchangeFor added security, certificate-based authentications (EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS and PEAP) use dynamic keys for data encryption. They are often deployed in corporate environments, but for public deployment, a simple user name and password pair is more practical. The following table is a comparison of the features of authentication types.Table 166 Comparison of EAP Authentication TypesEAP-MD5 EAP-TLS EAP-TTLS PEAP LEAPMutual Authentication No Yes Yes Yes YesCertificate – Client No Yes Optional Optional NoCertificate – Server No Yes Yes Yes NoDynamic Key Exchange No Yes Yes Yes YesCredential Integrity None Strong Strong Strong ModerateDeployment Difficulty Easy Hard Moderate Moderate ModerateClient Identity Protection No No Yes Yes No
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 375WPA and WPA2Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard. WPA2 (IEEE 802.11i) is a wireless security standard that defines stronger encryption, authentication and key management than WPA. Key differences between WPA or WPA2 and WEP are improved data encryption and user authentication.If both an AP and the wireless clients support WPA2 and you have an external RADIUS server, use WPA2 for stronger data encryption. If you don't have an external RADIUS server, you should use WPA2-PSK (WPA2-Pre-Shared Key) that only requires a single (identical) password entered into each access point, wireless gateway and wireless client. As long as the passwords match, a wireless client will be granted access to a WLAN. If the AP or the wireless clients do not support WPA2, just use WPA or WPA-PSK depending on whether you have an external RADIUS server or not.Select WEP only when the AP and/or wireless clients do not support WPA or WPA2. WEP is less secure than WPA or WPA2.Encryption WPA improves data encryption by using Temporal Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP), Message Integrity Check (MIC) and IEEE 802.1x. WPA2 also uses TKIP when required for compatibility reasons, but offers stronger encryption than TKIP with Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) in the Counter mode with Cipher block chaining Message authentication code Protocol (CCMP).TKIP uses 128-bit keys that are dynamically generated and distributed by the authentication server. AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) is a block cipher that uses a 256-bit mathematical algorithm called Rijndael. They both include a per-packet key mixing function, a Message Integrity Check (MIC) named Michael, an extended initialization vector (IV) with sequencing rules, and a re-keying mechanism.WPA and WPA2 regularly change and rotate the encryption keys so that the same encryption key is never used twice. The RADIUS server distributes a Pairwise Master Key (PMK) key to the AP that then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients. This all happens in the background automatically.The Message Integrity Check (MIC) is designed to prevent an attacker from capturing data packets, altering them and resending them. The MIC provides a strong mathematical function in which the receiver and the transmitter each compute and then compare the MIC. If they do not match, it is assumed that the data has been tampered with and the packet is dropped. By generating unique data encryption keys for every data packet and by creating an integrity checking mechanism (MIC), with TKIP and AES it is more difficult to decrypt data on a Wi-Fi network than WEP and difficult for an intruder to break into the network. The encryption mechanisms used for WPA(2) and WPA(2)-PSK are the same. The only difference between the two is that WPA(2)-PSK uses a simple common password, instead of user-specific credentials. The common-password approach makes WPA(2)-PSK susceptible to brute-force
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide376password-guessing attacks but it’s still an improvement over WEP as it employs a consistent, single, alphanumeric password to derive a PMK which is used to generate unique temporal encryption keys. This prevent all wireless devices sharing the same encryption keys. (a weakness of WEP)User Authentication WPA and WPA2 apply IEEE 802.1x and Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP) to authenticate wireless clients using an external RADIUS database. WPA2 reduces the number of key exchange messages from six to four (CCMP 4-way handshake) and shortens the time required to connect to a network. Other WPA2 authentication features that are different from WPA include key caching and pre-authentication. These two features are optional and may not be supported in all wireless devices.Key caching allows a wireless client to store the PMK it derived through a successful authentication with an AP. The wireless client uses the PMK when it tries to connect to the same AP and does not need to go with the authentication process again.Pre-authentication enables fast roaming by allowing the wireless client (already connecting to an AP) to perform IEEE 802.1x authentication with another AP before connecting to it.Wireless Client WPA SupplicantsA wireless client supplicant is the software that runs on an operating system instructing the wireless client how to use WPA. At the time of writing, the most widely available supplicant is the WPA patch for Windows XP, Funk Software's Odyssey client. The Windows XP patch is a free download that adds WPA capability to Windows XP's built-in "Zero Configuration" wireless client. However, you must run Windows XP to use it. WPA(2) with RADIUS Application ExampleTo set up WPA(2), you need the IP address of the RADIUS server, its port number (default is 1812), and the RADIUS shared secret. A WPA(2) application example with an external RADIUS server looks as follows. "A" is the RADIUS server. "DS" is the distribution system.1The AP passes the wireless client's authentication request to the RADIUS server.2The RADIUS server then checks the user's identification against its database and grants or denies network access accordingly.3A 256-bit Pairwise Master Key (PMK) is derived from the authentication process by the RADIUS server and the client.
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 3774The RADIUS server distributes the PMK to the AP. The AP then sets up a key hierarchy and management system, using the PMK to dynamically generate unique data encryption keys. The keys are used to encrypt every data packet that is wirelessly communicated between the AP and the wireless clients.Figure 243 WPA(2) with RADIUS Application ExampleWPA(2)-PSK Application ExampleA WPA(2)-PSK application looks as follows.1First enter identical passwords into the AP and all wireless clients. The Pre-Shared Key (PSK) must consist of between 8 and 63 ASCII characters or 64 hexadecimal characters (including spaces and symbols).2The AP checks each wireless client's password and allows it to join the network only if the password matches.3The AP and wireless clients generate a common PMK (Pairwise Master Key). The key itself is not sent over the network, but is derived from the PSK and the SSID. 4The AP and wireless clients use the TKIP or AES encryption process, the PMK and information exchanged in a handshake to create temporal encryption keys. They use these keys to encrypt data exchanged between them.Figure 244 WPA(2)-PSK Authentication
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide378Security Parameters SummaryRefer to this table to see what other security parameters you should configure for each authentication method or key management protocol type. MAC address filters are not dependent on how you configure these security features.Antenna OverviewAn antenna couples RF signals onto air. A transmitter within a wireless device sends an RF signal to the antenna, which propagates the signal through the air. The antenna also operates in reverse by capturing RF signals from the air. Positioning the antennas properly increases the range and coverage area of a wireless LAN. Antenna CharacteristicsFrequencyAn antenna in the frequency of 2.4GHz (IEEE 802.11b and IEEE 802.11g) or 5GHz (IEEE 802.11a) is needed to communicate efficiently in a wireless LANRadiation PatternA radiation pattern is a diagram that allows you to visualize the shape of the antenna’s coverage area. Antenna GainAntenna gain, measured in dB (decibel), is the increase in coverage within the RF beam width. Higher antenna gain improves the range of the signal for better communications. For an indoor site, each 1 dB increase in antenna gain results in a range increase of approximately Table 167 Wireless Security Relational MatrixAUTHENTICATION METHOD/ KEY MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLENCRYPTION METHOD ENTER MANUAL KEY IEEE 802.1XOpen None No DisableEnable without Dynamic WEP KeyOpen WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP KeyYes Enable without Dynamic WEP KeyYes DisableShared WEP No Enable with Dynamic WEP KeyYes Enable without Dynamic WEP KeyYes DisableWPA TKIP/AES No EnableWPA-PSK TKIP/AES Yes DisableWPA2 TKIP/AES No EnableWPA2-PSK TKIP/AES Yes Disable
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 3792.5%. For an unobstructed outdoor site, each 1dB increase in gain results in a range increase of approximately 5%. Actual results may vary depending on the network environment. Antenna gain is sometimes specified in dBi, which is how much the antenna increases the signal power compared to using an isotropic antenna. An isotropic antenna is a theoretical perfect antenna that sends out radio signals equally well in all directions. dBi represents the true gain that the antenna provides. Types of Antennas for WLANThere are two types of antennas used for wireless LAN applications.• Omni-directional antennas send the RF signal out in all directions on a horizontal plane. The coverage area is torus-shaped (like a donut) which makes these antennas ideal for a room environment. With a wide coverage area, it is possible to make circular overlapping coverage areas with multiple access points. • Directional antennas concentrate the RF signal in a beam, like a flashlight does with the light from its bulb. The angle of the beam determines the width of the coverage pattern. Angles typically range from 20 degrees (very directional) to 120 degrees (less directional). Directional antennas are ideal for hallways and outdoor point-to-point applications.Positioning AntennasIn general, antennas should be mounted as high as practically possible and free of obstructions. In point-to–point application, position both antennas at the same height and in a direct line of sight to each other to attain the best performance. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a table, desk, and so on, point the antenna up. For omni-directional antennas mounted on a wall or ceiling, point the antenna down. For a single AP application, place omni-directional antennas as close to the center of the coverage area as possible. For directional antennas, point the antenna in the direction of the desired coverage area.
Appendix D Wireless LANsVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide380
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 381APPENDIX EIPv6OverviewIPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), is designed to enhance IP address size and features. The increase in IPv6 address size to 128 bits (from the 32-bit IPv4 address) allows up to 3.4 x 1038 IP addresses. IPv6 AddressingThe 128-bit IPv6 address is written as eight 16-bit hexadecimal blocks separated by colons (:). This is an example IPv6 address 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000. IPv6 addresses can be abbreviated in two ways:• Leading zeros in a block can be omitted. So 2001:0db8:1a2b:0015:0000:0000:1a2f:0000 can be written as 2001:db8:1a2b:15:0:0:1a2f:0. • Any number of consecutive blocks of zeros can be replaced by a double colon. A double colon can only appear once in an IPv6 address. So 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f:0000:0000:0015 can be written as 2001:0db8::1a2f:0000:0000:0015, 2001:0db8:0000:0000:1a2f::0015, 2001:db8::1a2f:0:0:15 or 2001:db8:0:0:1a2f::15.Prefix and Prefix LengthSimilar to an IPv4 subnet mask, IPv6 uses an address prefix to represent the network address. An IPv6 prefix length specifies how many most significant bits (start from the left) in the address compose the network address. The prefix length is written as “/x” where x is a number. For example, 2001:db8:1a2b:15::1a2f:0/32means that the first 32 bits (2001:db8) is the subnet prefix. Link-local AddressA link-local address uniquely identifies a device on the local network (the LAN). It is similar to a “private IP address” in IPv4. You can have the same link-local address on multiple interfaces on a device. A link-local unicast address has a predefined prefix of fe80::/10. The link-local unicast address format is as follows.Table 168 Link-local Unicast Address Format1111 1110 10 0 Interface ID10 bits 54 bits 64 bits
Appendix E IPv6VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide382Global AddressA global address uniquely identifies a device on the Internet. It is similar to a “public IP address” in IPv4. A global unicast address starts with a 2 or 3. Unspecified AddressAn unspecified address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 or ::) is used as the source address when a device does not have its own address. It is similar to “0.0.0.0” in IPv4.Loopback AddressA loopback address (0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 or ::1) allows a host to send packets to itself. It is similar to “127.0.0.1” in IPv4.Multicast AddressIn IPv6, multicast addresses provide the same functionality as IPv4 broadcast addresses. Broadcasting is not supported in IPv6. A multicast address allows a host to send packets to all hosts in a multicast group. Multicast scope allows you to determine the size of the multicast group. A multicast address has a predefined prefix of ff00::/8. The following table describes some of the predefined multicast addresses. The following table describes the multicast addresses which are reserved and can not be assigned to a multicast group. Table 169 Predefined Multicast AddressMULTICAST ADDRESS DESCRIPTIONFF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All hosts on a local node. FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local node.FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 All hosts on a local connected link.FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local connected link.FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:2 All routers on a local site. FF05:0:0:0:0:0:1:3 All DHCP severs on a local site. Table 170 Reserved Multicast AddressMULTICAST ADDRESSFF00:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF01:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF03:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF04:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF05:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF06:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF07:0:0:0:0:0:0:0
Appendix E IPv6VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 383Subnet MaskingBoth an IPv6 address and IPv6 subnet mask compose of 128-bit binary digits, which are divided into eight 16-bit blocks and written in hexadecimal notation. Hexadecimal uses four bits for each character (1 ~ 10, A ~ F). Each block’s 16 bits are then represented by four hexadecimal characters. For example, FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FC00:0000:0000:0000.Interface IDIn IPv6, an interface ID is a 64-bit identifier. It identifies a physical interface (for example, an Ethernet port) or a virtual interface (for example, the management IP address for a VLAN). One interface should have a unique interface ID.EUI-64The EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier) defined by the IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) is an interface ID format designed to adapt with IPv6. It is derived from the 48-bit (6-byte) Ethernet MAC address as shown next. EUI-64 inserts the hex digits fffe between the third and fourth bytes of the MAC address and complements the seventh bit of the first byte of the MAC address. See the following example. Identity AssociationAn Identity Association (IA) is a collection of addresses assigned to a DHCP client, through which the server and client can manage a set of related IP addresses. Each IA must be associated with exactly one interface. The DHCP client uses the IA assigned to an interface to obtain configuration from a DHCP server for that interface. Each IA consists of a unique IAID and associated IP information.The IA type is the type of address in the IA. Each IA holds one type of address. IA_NA means an identity association for non-temporary addresses and IA_TA is an identity association for temporary addresses. An IA_NA option contains the T1 and T2 fields, but an IA_TA option does not. The DHCPv6 server uses T1 and T2 to control the time at which the client contacts with the server to extend the lifetimes on any addresses in the IA_NA before the lifetimes expire. After T1, the client sends the server (S1) (from which the addresses in the IA_NA were obtained) a Renew message. If FF08:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF09:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0A:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0B:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0C:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0D:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0E:0:0:0:0:0:0:0FF0F:0:0:0:0:0:0:0Table 170 Reserved Multicast Address (continued)MULTICAST ADDRESS MAC 00 : 13 : 49 :12 : 34 :56 EUI-64 02:13 :49 :FF :FE :12 : 34 :56
Appendix E IPv6VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide384the time T2 is reached and the server does not respond, the client sends a Rebind message to any available server (S2). For an IA_TA, the client may send a Renew or Rebind message at the client's discretion. DHCP Relay AgentA DHCP relay agent is on the same network as the DHCP clients and helps forward messages between the DHCP server and clients. When a client cannot use its link-local address and a well-known multicast address to locate a DHCP server on its network, it then needs a DHCP relay agent to send a message to a DHCP server that is not attached to the same network.The DHCP relay agent can add the remote identification (remote-ID) option and the interface-ID option to the Relay-Forward DHCPv6 messages. The remote-ID option carries a user-defined string, such as the system name. The interface-ID option provides slot number, port information and the VLAN ID to the DHCPv6 server. The remote-ID option (if any) is stripped from the Relay-Reply messages before the relay agent sends the packets to the clients. The DHCP server copies the interface-ID option from the Relay-Forward message into the Relay-Reply message and sends it to the relay agent. The interface-ID should not change even after the relay agent restarts.Prefix DelegationPrefix delegation enables an IPv6 router to use the IPv6 prefix (network address) received from the ISP (or a connected uplink router) for its LAN. The Device uses the received IPv6 prefix (for example, 2001:db2::/48) to generate its LAN IP address. Through sending Router Advertisements (RAs) regularly by multicast, the Device passes the IPv6 prefix information to its LAN hosts. The hosts then can use the prefix to generate their IPv6 addresses.ICMPv6Internet Control Message Protocol for IPv6 (ICMPv6 or ICMP for IPv6) is defined in RFC 4443. ICMPv6 has a preceding Next Header value of 58, which is different from the value used to identify ICMP for IPv4. ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6. IPv6 nodes use ICMPv6 to report errors encountered in packet processing and perform other diagnostic functions, such as "ping".Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP)The Neighbor Discovery Protocol (NDP) is a protocol used to discover other IPv6 devices and track neighbor’s reachability in a network. An IPv6 device uses the following ICMPv6 messages types: • Neighbor solicitation: A request from a host to determine a neighbor’s link-layer address (MAC address) and detect if the neighbor is still reachable. A neighbor being “reachable” means it responds to a neighbor solicitation message (from the host) with a neighbor advertisement message. T1T2Renew RebindRebindto S1Renewto S1Renewto S1Renewto S1Renewto S1Renewto S1to S2to S2
Appendix E IPv6VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 385• Neighbor advertisement: A response from a node to announce its link-layer address.• Router solicitation: A request from a host to locate a router that can act as the default router and forward packets.• Router advertisement: A response to a router solicitation or a periodical multicast advertisement from a router to advertise its presence and other parameters.IPv6 CacheAn IPv6 host is required to have a neighbor cache, destination cache, prefix list and default router list. The Device maintains and updates its IPv6 caches constantly using the information from response messages. In IPv6, the Device configures a link-local address automatically, and then sends a neighbor solicitation message to check if the address is unique. If there is an address to be resolved or verified, the Device also sends out a neighbor solicitation message. When the Device receives a neighbor advertisement in response, it stores the neighbor’s link-layer address in the neighbor cache. When the Device uses a router solicitation message to query for a router and receives a router advertisement message, it adds the router’s information to the neighbor cache, prefix list and destination cache. The Device creates an entry in the default router list cache if the router can be used as a default router.When the Device needs to send a packet, it first consults the destination cache to determine the next hop. If there is no matching entry in the destination cache, the Device uses the prefix list to determine whether the destination address is on-link and can be reached directly without passing through a router. If the address is unlink, the address is considered as the next hop. Otherwise, the Device determines the next-hop from the default router list or routing table. Once the next hop IP address is known, the Device looks into the neighbor cache to get the link-layer address and sends the packet when the neighbor is reachable. If the Device cannot find an entry in the neighbor cache or the state for the neighbor is not reachable, it starts the address resolution process. This helps reduce the number of IPv6 solicitation and advertisement messages.Multicast Listener DiscoveryThe Multicast Listener Discovery (MLD) protocol (defined in RFC 2710) is derived from IPv4's Internet Group Management Protocol version 2 (IGMPv2). MLD uses ICMPv6 message types, rather than IGMP message types. MLDv1 is equivalent to IGMPv2 and MLDv2 is equivalent to IGMPv3.MLD allows an IPv6 switch or router to discover the presence of MLD listeners who wish to receive multicast packets and the IP addresses of multicast groups the hosts want to join on its network. MLD snooping and MLD proxy are analogous to IGMP snooping and IGMP proxy in IPv4. MLD filtering controls which multicast groups a port can join.MLD MessagesA multicast router or switch periodically sends general queries to MLD hosts to update the multicast forwarding table. When an MLD host wants to join a multicast group, it sends an MLD Report message for that address.An MLD Done message is equivalent to an IGMP Leave message. When an MLD host wants to leave a multicast group, it can send a Done message to the router or switch. The router or switch then sends a group-specific query to the port on which the Done message is received to determine if other devices connected to this port should remain in the group.
Appendix E IPv6VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide386Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows XP/2003/VistaBy default, Windows XP and Windows 2003 support IPv6. This example shows you how to use the ipv6 install command on Windows XP/2003 to enable IPv6. This also displays how to use the ipconfig command to see auto-generated IP addresses.IPv6 is installed and enabled by default in Windows Vista. Use the ipconfig command to check your automatic configured IPv6 address as well. You should see at least one IPv6 address available for the interface on your computer.Example - Enabling DHCPv6 on Windows XPWindows XP does not support DHCPv6. If your network uses DHCPv6 for IP address assignment, you have to additionally install a DHCPv6 client software on your Windows XP. (Note: If you use static IP addresses or Router Advertisement for IPv6 address assignment in your network, ignore this section.)This example uses Dibbler as the DHCPv6 client. To enable DHCPv6 client on your computer:1Install Dibbler and select the DHCPv6 client option on your computer.2After the installation is complete, select Start > All Programs > Dibbler-DHCPv6 > Client Install as service.3Select Start > Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services.C:\>ipv6 installInstalling...Succeeded.C:\>ipconfigWindows IP ConfigurationEthernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : 10.1.1.46 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 IP Address. . . . . . . . . . . . : fe80::2d0:59ff:feb8:103c%4 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : 10.1.1.254
Appendix E IPv6VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 3874Double click Dibbler - a DHCPv6 client.5Click Start and then OK.6Now your computer can obtain an IPv6 address from a DHCPv6 server.Example - Enabling IPv6 on Windows 7Windows 7 supports IPv6 by default. DHCPv6 is also enabled when you enable IPv6 on a Windows 7 computer.To enable IPv6 in Windows 7:1Select Control Panel > Network and Sharing Center > Local Area Connection.2Select the Internet Protocol Version 6 (TCP/IPv6) checkbox to enable it.3Click OK to save the change.
Appendix E IPv6VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide3884Click Close to exit the Local Area Connection Status screen.5Select Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.6Use the ipconfig command to check your dynamic IPv6 address. This example shows a global address (2001:b021:2d::1000) obtained from a DHCP server.C:\>ipconfigWindows IP ConfigurationEthernet adapter Local Area Connection: Connection-specific DNS Suffix . : IPv6 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 2001:b021:2d::1000 Link-local IPv6 Address . . . . . : fe80::25d8:dcab:c80a:5189%11 IPv4 Address. . . . . . . . . . . : 172.16.100.61 Subnet Mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0 Default Gateway . . . . . . . . . : fe80::213:49ff:feaa:7125%11 172.16.100.254
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 389APPENDIX FServicesThe following table lists some commonly-used services and their associated protocols and port numbers.•Name: This is a short, descriptive name for the service. You can use this one or create a different one, if you like.•Protocol: This is the type of IP protocol used by the service. If this is TCP/UDP, then the service uses the same port number with TCP and UDP. If this is USER-DEFINED, the Port(s) is the IP protocol number, not the port number.•Port(s): This value depends on the Protocol.•If the Protocol is TCP, UDP, or TCP/UDP, this is the IP port number.•If the Protocol is USER, this is the IP protocol number.•Description: This is a brief explanation of the applications that use this service or the situations in which this service is used.
Appendix F ServicesVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide390Table 171 Examples of ServicesNAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTIONAH (IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 51 The IPSEC AH (Authentication Header) tunneling protocol uses this service.AIM TCP 5190 AOL’s Internet Messenger service.AUTH TCP 113 Authentication protocol used by some servers.BGP TCP 179 Border Gateway Protocol.BOOTP_CLIENT UDP 68 DHCP Client.BOOTP_SERVER UDP 67 DHCP Server.CU-SEEME TCP/UDPTCP/UDP 764824032A popular videoconferencing solution from White Pines Software.DNS TCP/UDP 53 Domain Name Server, a service that matches web names (for instance www.zyxel.com) to IP numbers.ESP (IPSEC_TUNNEL) User-Defined 50 The IPSEC ESP (Encapsulation Security Protocol) tunneling protocol uses this service.FINGER TCP 79 Finger is a UNIX or Internet related command that can be used to find out if a user is logged on.FTP TCPTCP2021File Transfer Protocol, a program to enable fast transfer of files, including large files that may not be possible by e-mail.H.323 TCP 1720 NetMeeting uses this protocol.HTTP TCP 80 Hyper Text Transfer Protocol - a client/server protocol for the world wide web.HTTPS TCP 443 HTTPS is a secured http session often used in e-commerce.ICMP User-Defined 1Internet Control Message Protocol is often used for diagnostic purposes.ICQ UDP 4000 This is a popular Internet chat program.IGMP (MULTICAST) User-Defined 2Internet Group Multicast Protocol is used when sending packets to a specific group of hosts.IKE UDP 500 The Internet Key Exchange algorithm is used for key distribution and management.IMAP4 TCP 143 The Internet Message Access Protocol is used for e-mail.IMAP4S TCP 993 This is a more secure version of IMAP4 that runs over SSL.IRC TCP/UDP 6667 This is another popular Internet chat program.MSN Messenger TCP 1863 Microsoft Networks’ messenger service uses this protocol. NetBIOS TCP/UDPTCP/UDPTCP/UDPTCP/UDP137138139445The Network Basic Input/Output System is used for communication between computers in a LAN.
Appendix F ServicesVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 391NEW-ICQ TCP 5190 An Internet chat program.NEWS TCP 144 A protocol for news groups.NFS UDP 2049 Network File System - NFS is a client/server distributed file service that provides transparent file sharing for network environments.NNTP TCP 119 Network News Transport Protocol is the delivery mechanism for the USENET newsgroup service.PING User-Defined 1Packet INternet Groper is a protocol that sends out ICMP echo requests to test whether or not a remote host is reachable.POP3 TCP 110 Post Office Protocol version 3 lets a client computer get e-mail from a POP3 server through a temporary connection (TCP/IP or other).POP3S TCP 995 This is a more secure version of POP3 that runs over SSL.PPTP TCP 1723 Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the control channel.PPTP_TUNNEL (GRE) User-Defined 47 PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) enables secure transfer of data over public networks. This is the data channel.RCMD TCP 512 Remote Command Service.REAL_AUDIO TCP 7070 A streaming audio service that enables real time sound over the web.REXEC TCP 514 Remote Execution Daemon.RLOGIN TCP 513 Remote Login.ROADRUNNER TCP/UDP 1026 This is an ISP that provides services mainly for cable modems.RTELNET TCP 107 Remote Telnet.RTSP TCP/UDP 554 The Real Time Streaming (media control) Protocol (RTSP) is a remote control for multimedia on the Internet. SFTP TCP 115 The Simple File Transfer Protocol is an old way of transferring files between computers.SMTP TCP 25 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is the message-exchange standard for the Internet. SMTP enables you to move messages from one e-mail server to another.SMTPS TCP 465 This is a more secure version of SMTP that runs over SSL.SNMP TCP/UDP 161 Simple Network Management Program.SNMP-TRAPS TCP/UDP 162 Traps for use with the SNMP (RFC:1215).Table 171 Examples of Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
Appendix F ServicesVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide392SQL-NET TCP 1521 Structured Query Language is an interface to access data on many different types of database systems, including mainframes, midrange systems, UNIX systems and network servers.SSDP UDP 1900 The Simple Service Discovery Protocol supports Universal Plug-and-Play (UPnP).SSH TCP/UDP 22 Secure Shell Remote Login Program.STRM WORKS UDP 1558 Stream Works Protocol.SYSLOG UDP 514 Syslog allows you to send system logs to a UNIX server.TACACS UDP 49 Login Host Protocol used for (Terminal Access Controller Access Control System).TELNET TCP 23 Telnet is the login and terminal emulation protocol common on the Internet and in UNIX environments. It operates over TCP/IP networks. Its primary function is to allow users to log into remote host systems.VDOLIVE TCPUDP7000user-definedA videoconferencing solution. The UDP port number is specified in the application.Table 171 Examples of Services (continued)NAME PROTOCOL PORT(S) DESCRIPTION
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 393APPENDIX GLegal InformationCopyrightCopyright © 2013 by ZyXEL Communications Corporation.The contents of this publication may not be reproduced in any part or as a whole, transcribed, stored in a retrieval system, translated into any language, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, photocopying, manual, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of ZyXEL Communications Corporation.Published by ZyXEL Communications Corporation. All rights reserved.DisclaimerZyXEL does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any products, or software described herein. Neither does it convey any license under its patent rights nor the patent rights of others. ZyXEL further reserves the right to make changes in any products described herein without notice. This publication is subject to change without notice.Certifications Federal Communications Commission (FCC) Interference StatementThe device complies with Part 15 of FCC rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:(1) This device may not cause harmful interference.(2) This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operations.This device has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B digital device pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This device generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy, and if not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation.If this device does cause harmful interference to radio/television reception, which can be determined by turning the device off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures:• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.• Increase the separation between the equipment and the receiver.
Appendix G Legal InformationVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide394• Connect the equipment into an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the receiver is connected.• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.Radiation Exposure Statement• This device and its antenna(s) must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other antenna or transmitter.• For operation within 5.15 ~ 5.25GHz frequency range, it is restricted to indoor environment. • IEEE 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11n (20MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channel 1 through 11. IEEE 802.11n (40MHz) operation of this product in the U.S.A. is firmware-limited to channel 3 through 9.• This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the radiator and your body.Notices Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party responsible for compliance could void the user's authority to operate the equipment.The device complies with the essential requirements of the R&TTE Directive 1995/5/EC.Radiation Exposure StatementThis equipment complies with EU radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the radiator and your body.National Communications Commission (NCC)Article 12Without permission, any company, firm or user shall not alter the frequency, increase the power, or change the characteristics and functions of the original design of the certified lower power frequency electric machinery.Article 14The application of low power frequency electric machineries shall not affect the navigation safety nor interfere a legal communication, if an interference is found, the service will be suspended until improvement is made and the interference no longer exists.Industry Canada (IC)CAN ICES-3 (B)/NMB-3(B)This device complies with RSS-210 of the Industry Canada Rules. Operation is subject to the following two conditions:
Appendix G Legal InformationVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 395(1) This device may not cause harmful interference, and(2) this device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. Ce dispositif est conforme à la norme CNR-192 d'Industrie Canada applicable aux appareils radio exempts de licence. Son fonctionnement est sujet aux deux conditions suivantes:(1) le dispositif ne doit pas produire de brouillage préjudiciable, et(2) ce dispositif doit accepter tout brouillage reçu, y compris un brouillage susceptible de provoquer un fonctionnement indésirable. IMPORTANT NOTE: Radiation Exposure Statement:This equipment complies with IC radiation exposure limits set forth for an uncontrolled environment. This equipment should be installed and operated with minimum distance 20cm between the radiator and your body.Déclaration d'exposition aux radiations:Cet équipement est conforme aux limites d'exposition aux rayonnements IC établies pour un environnement non contrôlé. Cet équipement doit être installé et utilisé avec un minimum de 20cm de distance entre la source de rayonnement et votre corps.ZyXEL Limited WarrantyZyXEL warrants to the original end user (purchaser) that this product is free from any defects in materials or workmanship for a period of up to two years from the date of purchase. During the warranty period, and upon proof of purchase, should the product have indications of failure due to faulty workmanship and/or materials, ZyXEL will, at its discretion, repair or replace the defective products or components without charge for either parts or labor, and to whatever extent it shall deem necessary to restore the product or components to proper operating condition. Any replacement will consist of a new or re-manufactured functionally equivalent product of equal or higher value, and will be solely at the discretion of ZyXEL. This warranty shall not apply if the product has been modified, misused, tampered with, damaged by an act of God, or subjected to abnormal working conditions.NoteRepair or replacement, as provided under this warranty, is the exclusive remedy of the purchaser. This warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, express or implied, including any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular use or purpose. ZyXEL shall in no event be held liable for indirect or consequential damages of any kind to the purchaser.To obtain the services of this warranty, contact ZyXEL's Service Center for your Return Material Authorization number (RMA). Products must be returned Postage Prepaid. It is recommended that the unit be insured when shipped. Any returned products without proof of purchase or those with an out-dated warranty will be repaired or replaced (at the discretion of ZyXEL) and the customer will be billed for parts and labor. All repaired or replaced products will be shipped by ZyXEL to the
Appendix G Legal InformationVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide396corresponding return address, Postage Paid. This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights that vary from country to country.RegistrationRegister your product online to receive e-mail notices of firmware upgrades and information at www.zyxel.com for global products, or at www.us.zyxel.com for North American products.Safety Warnings• Do NOT use this product near water, for example, in a wet basement or near a swimming pool.• Do NOT expose your device to dampness, dust or corrosive liquids.• Do NOT store things on the device.• Do NOT install, use, or service this device during a thunderstorm. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning.• Connect ONLY suitable accessories to the device.• Do NOT open the device or unit. Opening or removing covers can expose you to dangerous high voltage points or other risks. ONLY qualified service personnel should service or disassemble this device. Please contact your vendor for further information.• Make sure to connect the cables to the correct ports.• Place connecting cables carefully so that no one will step on them or stumble over them.• Always disconnect all cables from this device before servicing or disassembling.• Use ONLY an appropriate power adaptor or cord for your device.• Connect the power adaptor or cord to the right supply voltage (for example, 110V AC in North America or 230V AC in Europe).• Do NOT allow anything to rest on the power adaptor or cord and do NOT place the product where anyone can walk on the power adaptor or cord.• Do NOT use the device if the power adaptor or cord is damaged as it might cause electrocution.• If the power adaptor or cord is damaged, remove it from the device and the power source.• Do NOT attempt to repair the power adaptor or cord. Contact your local vendor to order a new one.• Do not use the device outside, and make sure all the connections are indoors. There is a remote risk of electric shock from lightning. • Do NOT obstruct the device ventilation slots, as insufficient airflow may harm your device. • Use only No. 26 AWG (American Wire Gauge) or larger telecommunication line cord.• Antenna Warning! This device meets ETSI and FCC certification requirements when using the included antenna(s). Only use the included antenna(s). Your product is marked with this symbol, which is known as the WEEE mark. WEEE stands for Waste Electronics and Electrical Equipment. It means that used electrical and electronic products should not be mixed with general waste. Used electrical and electronic equipment should be treated separately.
IndexVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 397IndexAACK message 254ACL rule 200ACS 293activationfirewalls 197media server 189SIP ALG 165SSID 81Address Resolution Protocol 275administrator password 26AH 227algorithms 227alternative subnet mask notation 352antennadirectional 379gain 378omni-directional 379AP (access point) 369applicationsInternet access 18media server 188activation 189iTunes server 188applications, NAT 171ARP Table 275, 277authentication 93, 95RADIUS server 95Auto Configuration Server, see ACS 293Bbackupconfiguration 311Basic Service Set, See BSS 367Basic Service Set, see BSSblinking LEDs 20Broadband 43broadcast 68BSS 96, 367example 96BYE request 254CCA 211, 373call history 248incoming calls 249outgoing calls 249call hold 260, 261call service mode 259, 261call transfer 260, 262call waiting 260, 261Canonical Format Indicator See CFICCMs 315CE statement 394certificatefactory default 212Certificate AuthoritySee CA.certificates 211authentication 211CAcreating 212public key 211replacing 212storage space 212Certification Authority 211Certification Authority. see CAcertifications 393notices 394CFI 68CFM 315CCMs 315link trace test 315loopback test 315MA 315MD 315
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide398IndexMEP 315MIP 315channel 369interference 369channel, wireless LAN 93Class of Service 258Class of Service, see CoSclient list 111client-server protocol 251comfort noise generation 256compatibility, WDS 87configurationbackup 311firewalls 197reset 313restoring 312static route 63, 131, 132, 175Connectivity Check Messages, see CCMscopyright 393CoS 150, 258CoS technologies 138creating certificates 212CTS (Clear to Send) 370CTS threshold 89, 93Ddata fragment threshold 89, 93DDoS 196default server address 164Denials of Service, see DoSDH 232DHCP 106, 126differentiated services 258Differentiated Services, see DiffServ 150Diffie-Hellman key groups 232DiffServ 150marking rule 151DiffServ (Differentiated Services) 258code points 258marking rule 258digital IDs 211disclaimer 393DLNA 188DMZ 164DNS 106, 126DNS server address assignment 68documentationrelated 2Domain Name 171Domain Name System, see DNSDomain Name System. See DNS.DoS 196DS field 151, 258DS, dee differentiated servicesDSCP 150, 258dynamic DNS 173wildcard 174Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, see DHCPdynamic WEP key exchange 374DYNDNS wildcard 174EEAP Authentication 373ECHO 171echo cancellation 256e-maillog example 306Encapsulation 64MER 64PPP over Ethernet 65encapsulation 44, 227RFC 1483 65encryption 95, 375ESP 227ESS 368Europe type call service mode 259Extended Service Set IDentification 74, 83Extended Service Set, See ESS 368FFCC interference statement 393file sharing 19
IndexVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 399filtersMAC address 84, 94Finger 171firewalls 195add protocols 197configuration 197DDoS 196DoS 196LAND attack 196Ping of Death 196SYN attack 196firmware 309version 39flash key 259flashing 259forwarding ports 156fragmentation threshold 89, 93, 370FTP 156, 171GG.168 256General wireless LAN screen 72GuideQuick Start 2Hhidden node 369HTTP 171IIANA 356Internet Assigned Numbers Authoritysee IANAIBSS 367IC (Industry Canada) statement 394ID type and content 231IEEE 802.11g 371IEEE 802.1Q 68IGA 169IGMP 68multicast group list 279version 68IKE phases 228ILA 169Independent Basic Service SetSee IBSS 367initialization vector (IV) 375Inside Global Address, see IGAinside header 228Inside Local Address, see ILAinterface group 177Internetwizard setup 33Internet access 18wizard setup 33Internet Key Exchange 228Internet Protocol version 6 45Internet Protocol version 6, see IPv6Internet Service Provider, see ISPIP address 106, 127ping 316private 127WAN 45IP Address Assignment 67IP aliasNAT applications 171IPSecalgorithms 227architecture 226NAT 230IPSec VPN 219IPv6 45, 381addressing 45, 69, 381EUI-64 383global address 382interface ID 383link-local address 381Neighbor Discovery Protocol 381ping 381prefix 46, 69, 381prefix delegation 47prefix length 46, 69, 381unspecified address 382ISP 44iTunes server 188
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide400IndexITU-T 256Kkey combinations 262keypad 262LLAN 105and USB printer 190client list 111DHCP 106, 126DNS 106, 126IP address 106, 107, 127MAC address 111status 39subnet mask 106, 107, 127LAND attack 196LAN-Side DSL CPE Configuration 295LBR 315limitationswireless LAN 96WPS 103link trace 315Link Trace Message, see LTMLink Trace Response, see LTRlistening port 243login 25passwords 25, 26logs 265, 269, 279, 285, 305Loop Back Response, see LBRloopback 315LTM 315LTR 315MMA 315MAC address 84, 111filter 84, 94MAC authentication 84Mac filter 203Maintenance Association, see MAMaintenance Domain, see MDMaintenance End Point, see MEPManagement Information Base (MIB) 297managing the devicegood habits 17Maximum Burst Size (MBS) 66MBSSID 97MD 315media server 188activation 189iTunes server 188MEP 315MTU (Multi-Tenant Unit) 67multicast 68multimedia 250Multiple BSS, see MBSSIDmultiplexing 65LLC-based 65VC-based 65multiprotocol encapsulation 65NNAT 155, 156, 157, 168, 169, 356applications 171IP alias 171example 170global 169IGA 169ILA 169inside 169IPSec 230local 169outside 169port forwarding 156port number 171services 171SIP ALG 164activation 165traversal 230NAT example 172NCC statement 394negotiation mode 229
IndexVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 401Network Address Translationsee NATNetwork Address Translation, see NATNetwork Map 37network map 29NNTP 171non-proxy calls 247OOK response 254, 256other documentation 2outside header 228PPairwise Master Key (PMK) 375, 377passwords 25, 26PBC 98Peak Cell Rate (PCR) 66peer-to-peer calls 247Per-Hop Behavior, see PHB 151PHB 151, 258phone bookspeed dial 247phone functions 262PIN, WPS 99example 100Ping of Death 196Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol 171POP3 171port forwarding 156ports 20Power Mgmt 191Power Mgmt Add 193PPP over Ethernet, see PPPoEPPPoE 44, 65Benefits 65PPTP 171preamble 90, 93preamble mode 97prefix delegation 47pre-shared key 232Printer Server 189printer sharingand LAN 190requirements 189private IP address 127product registration 396protocol 44PSK 375push button 22Push Button Configuration, see PBCpush button, WPS 98QQoS 137, 150, 258marking 138setup 137tagging 138versus CoS 137Quality of Service, see QoSQuick Start Guide 2RRADIUS 372message types 372messages 372shared secret key 373RADIUS server 95Real time Transport Protocol, see RTPregistrationproduct 396related documentation 2remote managementTR-069 293Remote Procedure Calls, see RPCs 293reset 22, 313restart 313restoring configuration 312RFC 1058. See RIP.RFC 1389. See RIP.
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide402IndexRFC 1483 65RFC 1889 253RFC 3164 265RIP 135router features 18Routing Information Protocol. See RIPRPPCs 293RTP 253RTS (Request To Send) 370threshold 369, 370RTS threshold 89, 93Ssecuritywireless LAN 93Security Log 267Security Parameter Index, see SPIservice access control 289, 290, 291Service Set 74, 83Services 171Session Initiation Protocol, see SIPsetupfirewalls 197static route 63, 131, 132, 175silence suppression 256Simple Network Management Protocol, see SNMPSingle Rate Three Color Marker, see srTCMSIP 250account 250call progression 254client 251identities 250INVITE request 254, 255number 251OK response 256proxy server 252redirect server 252register server 253servers 251service domain 251URI 250user agent 252SIP ALG 164activation 165SMTP 171SNMP 171, 297, 298agents 297Get 298GetNext 298Manager 297managers 297MIB 297network components 297Set 298Trap 298versions 297SNMP trap 171speed dial 247SPI 196srTCM 153SSID 94activation 81MBSSID 97static route 129, 135, 303configuration 63, 131, 132, 175example 129static VLANstatus 37firmware version 39LAN 39WAN 39wireless LAN 39status indicators 20subnet 349subnet mask 106, 127, 350subnetting 352supplementary services 258Sustained Cell Rate (SCR) 66SYN attack 196syslogprotocol 265severity levels 265systemfirmware 309version 39passwords 25, 26reset 22status 37LAN 39WAN 39wireless LAN 39
IndexVMG8924-B10A User’s Guide 403time 299TTag Control Information See TCITag Protocol Identifier See TPIDTCIThe 45three-way conference 261, 262thresholdsdata fragment 89, 93RTS/CTS 89, 93time 299ToS 258TPID 68TR-064 295TR-069 293ACS setup 293authentication 294traffic shaping 66transport mode 228trTCM 153tunnel mode 228Two Rate Three Color Marker, see trTCMType of Service, see ToSUunicast 68Uniform Resource Identifier 250Universal Plug and Play, see UPnPupgrading firmware 309UPnP 112cautions 107example 113installation 113NAT traversal 106USA type call service mode 261USB features 19VVAD 256VIDVirtual Circuit (VC) 65Virtual Local Area Network See VLANVLAN 67Introduction 67number of possible VIDspriority framestaticVLAN ID 68VLAN Identifier See VIDVLAN tag 68voice activity detection 256voice coding 256VoIP 250peer-to-peer calls 247VoIP status 273WWANstatus 39Wide Area Network, see WAN 43warningwall mounting 23warrantynote 395WDS 87, 97compatibility 87example 97web configurator 25login 25passwords 25, 26WEP 95WEP Encryption 76, 78WEP encryption 76WEP key 76Wi-Fi Protected Access 375wireless client WPA supplicants 376Wireless Distribution System, see WDSwireless LAN 71, 92authentication 93, 95
VMG8924-B10A User’s Guide404IndexBSS 96example 96channel 93encryption 95example 92fragmentation threshold 89, 93limitations 96MAC address filter 84, 94MBSSID 97preamble 90, 93RADIUS server 95RTS/CTS threshold 89, 93security 93SSID 94activation 81status 39WDS 87, 97compatibility 87example 97WEP 95WPA 95WPA-PSK 95WPS 98, 100example 101limitations 103PIN 99push button 22, 98wireless security 371wizard setupInternet 33WLANinterference 369security parameters 378WPA 95, 375key caching 376pre-authentication 376user authentication 376vs WPA-PSK 375wireless client supplicant 376with RADIUS application example 376WPA2 375user authentication 376vs WPA2-PSK 375wireless client supplicant 376with RADIUS application example 376WPA2-Pre-Shared Key 375WPA2-PSK 375application example 377WPA-PSK 95, 375application example 377WPS 98, 100example 101limitations 103PIN 99example 100push button 22, 98

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