ADC Telecommunications UNS-IDEN-1 InterReach Unison IDEN User Manual unison

ADC Telecommunications Inc. InterReach Unison IDEN unison

Contents

User Manual 2

PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual 7-1620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARYSECTION 7 Installing and Using the AdminManager SoftwareThe AdminManager software is used to install, configure, and maintain the Unison system from a PC or laptop that you connect directly to a Main Hub’s front panel serial port.You can use the AdminManager to remotely view system status by connecting a PC or laptop to the Unison system via a dialup modem.Figure 7-1 PC Connected to Main Hub
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A7.1 Installing the AdminManager Software7.1.1 PC/Laptop Requirements• Operating System:• Windows 2000 Professional (recommended)• Windows 98 SE with IE 5.0• 1 Communication Port (COM1–COM4)• 133 MHz or higher Pentium-compatible CPU• 64 MB memory (Windows 2000) or 32 MB (Windows 98 SE)• At least 150 MB free disk space• VGA or higher resolution• Standard 9600 Modem•CD-ROM drive• DB-9 female-to-DB-9 female NULL modem cable
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-3620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY PC/Laptop RequirementsInstalling AdminManagerInstall the AdminManager software on a PC/laptop that meets the requirements as described in Section 7.1.1.1. Turn on the PC/laptop and insert the AdminManager CD into the PC/laptop’s CD drive.setup.exe should automatically start. If it does not, double-click “setup.exe” on the CD-ROM.The following pop-up window is displayed while InstallShield checks the PC’s system.
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-4 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AThe Welcome to InstallShield Wizard window is displayed.2. Click the NEXT button to begin the AdminManager installation.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-5620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY PC/Laptop RequirementsThe License Agreement window is displayed.If you select the “I do not accept” radio button, the InstallShield Wizard stops and the windows close.
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-6 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A3. Read the agreement and select the “I accept” radio button, and then click the NEXT button.The Customer Information window is displayed.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-7620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY PC/Laptop Requirements4. Enter a User Name and Organization in the text boxes, and then click the NEXT button.The Destination Folder window is displayed
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-8 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A5. Click the NEXT button to accept the default destination.The Ready to Install the Program window is displayed.NOTE: To change information that is displayed in the Ready to Install the Program window, click the BACK button and make changes in previous windows.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-9620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY PC/Laptop Requirements6. Click the INSTALL button if the information that is displayed in the Ready to Install the Program window is correct.The Installing AdminManager window is displayed.PDF files are used for Help. If the InstallShield Wizard detects that the PC does not have software for viewing PDF files, the following pop-up is displayed.• Click CONTINUE to install Acrobat Reader from the CD onto your PC.• Click QUIT to skip the installation of Acrobat Reader.
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AWhen the installation is finished, the InstallShield Wizard Completed window is displayed.7. Click the FINISH button to end the InstallShield Wizard session and close the win-dow.An AdminManager shortcut is added to your PC’s Start menu and an icon is added to your desktop.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-11620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY PC/Laptop RequirementsStarting AdminManager1. Using the NULL modem cable, connect the PC/laptop to the Main Hub’s front panel RS-232 connector.2. Turn on the power to the Main Hub, if it is not already on.3. Double-click the AdminManager icon to start the software.Alternately, you can click the Start button that is on the PC’s taskbar, click Pro-grams, click AdminManager, and then click the AdminManager application.The following window is displayed when AdminManager starts.Figure 7-2 AdminManager Start WindowYou can display the AdminManager User Guide at any time while the software is running by pressing the F1 key.
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-12 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AAdminManager Operation ModesYou can choose one of four operation modes from the AdminManager Start window.• Section 7.2 Installation Wizard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13Select this option when you are installing a system or a Main Hub for the first time. Also, when you are replacing a Main Hub select this option to set the frequency band.• Section 7.3 Configuration & Maintenance Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25• Section 7.3.2 Options when Connected Locally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-29Select this option when you want to perform specific tasks, such as perform the system test and set system parameters, or check the status of an operating sys-tem. All options are available when you are connected locally.• Section 7.3.3 Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely . . . . . . . 7-34The Configuration Panel is displayed in a read-only state. When you are con-nected remotely there are a limited number of options available. The options let you check the status of the system and determine if a site visit is required. (This is the only operation mode you can choose when you are connected remotely.)• Section 7.4 Upgrading Firmware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-38Select this option when you are upgrading a component’s firmware.Buttons•SettingsClicking the SETTINGS button displays the Application Setting dialog box in which you enter the communications port number that the modem will connect to for remote monitoring and that the PC will use for connecting directly to a Main Hub•RunDepending on the operation option that you selected, clicking the RUN button dis-plays the Step 1 panel of the Installation Wizard, the Configuration & Maintenance window, or the Firmware Update window.•QuitClicking the QUIT button stops the AdminManager and closes the panel.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-13620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Installation Wizard7.2 Installation WizardUse the Installation Wizard when you are installing a new system or a new Main Hub to a system. Installation consists of four steps; each one is displayed in a separate panel of the Wizard.• Section 7.2.1 Step 1: Verify Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14• Section 7.2.2 Step 2: Set Operation Band . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16• Section 7.2.3 Step 3: Configure System Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-20• Section 7.2.4 Step 4: Final System Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-22
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-14 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A7.2.1 Step 1: Verify HardwareDuring this step, the AdminManager software is in a listening mode. The Main Hub detects downstream units (Expansion Hubs and RAUs) and automatically reports the system configuration, which AdminManager displays as a configuration tree in the System Status pane of the Step 1 panel.Figure 7-3 Step 1: Verify Hardware PanelVerify Hardware Configuration1. Enter a system label (up to 8 characters) in the System Label text box.This label is assigned to the Main Hub and appears in the System Status tree.2. Click the NEXT button when the configuration is displayed correctly in the System Status pane.The Main Hub automatically reports any change in system status to the Admin-Manager, which automatically updates the System Status tree.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-15620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Step 1: Verify Hardware7.2.1.1 Description of Step 1 PanelPanes• System StatusA hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Status pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Status tree.• MessagesStatus and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay, the NEXT button is selectable.Command Buttons•HelpClicking the HELP button displays the Unison Hardware Troubleshooting Guide.•RefreshClicking the REFRESH button issues a query status command to the Main Hub and the System Status tree is updated. Also, any disconnect status is cleared. While the Main Hub does report system status to the AdminManager automatically, you can use this button to force an update if communications fail or if there has been a sta-tus change that is not showing in the System Status tree.•NextClicking the NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Step 2 panel.• CancelClicking the CANCEL button quits the Installation Wizard and displays the Admin-Manager Start window (Figure 7-2).
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-16 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A7.2.2 Step 2: Set Operation BandThe Main and Expansion Hubs are manufactured and shipped without a band of opera-tion programmed into them. The RAUs, on the other hand, are manufactured to a spe-cific band or set of bands. In order for the system to perform, you must program the Main and Expansion Hubs to the band that the downstream RAUs are intended for.Figure 7-4 Step 2: Set Operation Band
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-17620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Step 2: Set Operation BandSet Operation Band1. Select a band from the Select Band drop-down list box.2. Click the APPLY button.3. Click the NEXT button if:a. The configuration is displayed correctly in the System Status pane.b. There are no error messages in the Messages pane.If a band setting error message is displayed, you can:1. Disconnect the unit from the system.2. Click the BACK button to return to Step 1.3. Click the REFRESH button to clear the disconnected unit.4. Click the NEXT button to continue to Step 2.NOTE: “Band not initialized” faults can only be cleared by performing Step 2. The Configuration & Maintenance panel does not provide a way to clear these faults.
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-18 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A7.2.2.1 Description of Step 2 PanelPanes• System StatusA hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Sta-tus pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Sta-tus tree.•MessagesStatus and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay, the NEXT button is selectable.Drop-Down List Box• Select BandChoose from:UnisonBandRF PassbandDownlink (MHz) Uplink (MHz)Cellular 869–894 824–849DCS1 1805–1842.5 1710–1747.5DCS2 1842.5–1880 1747.5–1785DCS3 1840–1875 1745–1780EGSM 925–960 880–915GSM 935–960 890–915iDEN 851–869 806–824PCS A&D 1930–1950 1850–1870PCS B&E 1945–1965 1865–1885PCS D&B 1950–1970 1870–1890PCS E&F 1965–1975 1885–1895PCS F&C 1970–1990 1890–1910UMTS 1 2110–2145 1920–1955UMTS 2 2125–2160 1935–1970UMTS 3 2135–2170 1945–1980
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-19620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Step 2: Set Operation BandCommand Buttons•ApplyClicking the APPLY button issues the set band command to the Main Hub and all downstream components, and initiates a system test.In order for the system to complete the band configuration, the factory-set band of all the attached RAUs must match the band command issued by the AdminMan-ager software. If the band command matches the RAU’s, then the system band is set. If the band command does not match, the command is rejected and a “Set band error” message for that RAU is displayed.•BackClicking the BACK button returns AdminManager to the Step 1 panel.•NextClicking the NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Step 3 panel. This button is selectable only when the APPLY function is successful.• CancelClicking the CANCEL button quits the Installation Wizard and displays the Admin-Manager Start window (Figure 7-2).
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-20 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A7.2.3 Step 3: Configure System ParametersFrom this panel, you can set uplink and downlink system gain from 0 dB to 15 dB in 1 dB steps. By default, the UL and DL System Gain is set at 15 dB. Current hardware settings are shown in the text boxes when the panel is first displayed. Figure 7-5 shows the display after the UL System Gain was changed to 11 dB.Figure 7-5 Step 3: Configure System ParametersConfigure System ParametersIf you want to keep the values as they are initially displayed, click the NEXT button.If you want to change the values:1. Enter a value in the UL System Gain text box, if desired.2. Enter a value in the DL System Gain text box, if desired.3. Enter the callback number if a callback number text box is displayed.If a callback number is set in the Main Hub, this panel displays an additional call-back number text box, letting you change the number, if desired.4. Click the APPLY button when you are ready.5. Click the NEXT button if:a. The configuration is displayed correctly in the System Status pane.b. There are no error messages in the Messages pane.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-21620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Step 3: Configure System Parameters7.2.3.1 Description of Step 3 PanelPanes• System StatusA hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Sta-tus pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Sta-tus tree.• MessagesStatus and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay, the NEXT button is selectable.Text Boxes•UL System Gain and DL System GainBoth the uplink and the downlink system gain can be adjusted from 15 dB to 0 dB in 1 dB increments using these text boxes.Command Buttons•ApplyClicking the APPLY button sets the selected value.•BackClicking the BACK button returns AdminManager to the Step 2 panel.•NextClicking the NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Step 4 panel.• CancelClicking the CANCEL button quits the Installation Wizard and displays the Admin-Manager Start window (Figure 7-2).
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-22 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A7.2.4 Step 4: Final System TestThis step performs an end-to-end RF path functional test that includes cable length estimation and system gain refinement. Any disconnect status is cleared and all fault logs are cleared.Figure 7-6 Step 4: Final System TestPerform Final System Test1. Click the APPLY button if the configuration is displayed correctly in the System Status pane.For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.2. Click the NEXT button when a successful test message is displayed in the Mes-sages pane.You can use the BACK button to return to previous steps and make changes if an error is displayed in the Messages pane.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-23620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Step 4: Final System Test7.2.4.1 Description of Step 4 PanelPanes• System StatusA hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Sta-tus pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Sta-tus tree.• MessagesStatus and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane. If the status is okay, the NEXT button is selectable.Command Buttons•ApplyClicking the APPLY button starts the final system test.•BackClicking the BACK button returns AdminManager to the Step 3 panel.•NextClicking the NEXT button displays the Installation Wizard Finish panel. This button is selectable only when the APPLY function is successful.• CancelClicking the CANCEL button quits the Installation Wizard and displays the Admin-Manager Start window (Figure 7-2).
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-24 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A7.2.5 Finish PanelThe Finish panel is displayed when the final system test is successfully completed.Figure 7-7 Finish Panel1. Click the FINISH button.A Save As dialog box is displayed.2. Specify a file name and where to save the command file.All of the commands that were issued during the installation are saved in the com-mand file.7.2.5.1 Description of Finish PanelCommand Button• FinishClicking the FINISH button displays a Save As dialog box for saving the configura-tion file and then quits the session.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-25620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Configuration & Maintenance Panel7.3 Configuration & Maintenance PanelThe Configuration & Maintenance Panel is used after the initial installation of a sys-tem. From this panel you can check status of the system, get current errors and warn-ings, get information about a particular unit in the system, set system parameters, and perform a system test, for example.Figure 7-8 Configuration & Maintenance Window
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-26 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A7.3.1 Window DescriptionPanes• System StatusA hierarchical tree of detected system components is displayed in the System Sta-tus pane. See Section 7.5 on page 7-39 for more information about the System Sta-tus tree.•MessagesStatus and error messages are displayed in the Messages pane.Drop-Down List BoxTable 7-1 Configuration and Maintenance Window OptionsConnectionOptionLocal RemoteAdvanced RAU SettingsClear All Disconnect StatusCommand Unit In-ServiceCommand Unit Out-of-ServiceGet Current ErrorsGet Current WarningsGet System ParametersGet Unit InfoRefresh System StatusSet Callback NumberSet Contact Sense PropertiesSet System ParametersSystem Test
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-27620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Window DescriptionCommand Buttons• ExecuteClicking the EXECUTE button starts the command that is selected in the Command list box.• Save ConfigClicking the SAVE CONFIG button displays the Save Configuration Notes dialog box. Any additional information that you type into the text box is saved at the top of the configuration file.After you click OK in this dialog box, the Save As dialog box is displayed, in which you specify the name of the file and where to save the configuration file. Following is an example configuration file that includes notes:Begin Notes *******************************************LGC HQ05/23/01 MH configuration L010MH11System configurationEnd Notes *********************************************Frequency Band is DCS Low.System Gain: UL = 12 dB, DL=4dB.Callback Number is 1234567.System label is LGC.Main Hub Information:Serial Number: L010BMH1Part Number: 7405101Revision Number: 03Firmware Revision: 010526Expansion Hub LGC-1 Information:Serial Number: L010BEH9Part Number: 7405101Revision Number: 03Firmware Revision: 010513RAU LGC-1-5 Information:Serial Number: L010BRU1Part Number: 7405101Revision Number: 03Firmware Revision: 010021
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-28 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A•Save MsgSelecting the SAVE MSG button displays the Save As dialog box in which you spec-ify the name of the file and where to save the contents of the Message text box.•ExitSelecting the EXIT button quits the session and displays the AdminManager Start window (Figure 7-2).
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-29620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Options when Connected Locally7.3.2 Options when Connected LocallyWhen you are locally connected to the Main Hub, you can choose the following options in addition to those listed in Section 7.3.3, “Read-Only Options when Con-nected Remotely,” on page 7-34 (also, see Table 7-1 on page 7-26).Advanced RAU Settings• Set uplink and downlink 10 dB attenuation for an individual RAURefer to “Using the 10 dB Attenuation Setting” on page 7-30 for a description of this setting.• Select a UL ALC setting for an individual RAURefer to “Using the Uplink ALC Setting” on page 7-31 for a description of this setting.1. Enter the Expansion Hub number and the RAU number in the text boxes on the RAU Selection dialog box and click OK.The Advanced RAU Settings dialog box is displayed.”In the Advanced RAU Settings example shown below, Demo-1-1 indicates that RAU number 1 that is connected to Expansion Hub number 1 in the “Demo” Main Hub sys-tem is selected.2. Select the Uplink and Downlink check box to enable the 10 dB attenuation setting.3. Select a radio button from the UL ALC Set-ting list.
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-30 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AUsing the 10 dB Attenuation SettingBy selecting the Uplink and Downlink checkbox in the Advanced RAU Settings dia-log box, the uplink and downlink signals in the individual RAU, which you specified in the RAU Selection dialog box, are both reduced by 10 dB. One reason you may want to use this setting is to reduce the RAU’s output power when an RAU is located near an exterior wall of a building and its RF signal is going beyond the wall to the outside of the building, where it can negatively affect the outdoor macro system.The following table shows some examples of how the 10 dB attenuation setting affects coverage distance. These examples assume a 0 dB gain system, a 3 dBi gain antenna, and the difference between a –85 dB and a –75 dB design.You can use the following formula to calculate the reduction in distance covered.•dorig = original distance•dnew = new distance with 10 dB attenuation enabled• PLS = path loss slope [dB]dnew = (10–10/PLS)dorigExamples:dnew = 0.31 dorig for PLS = 20 dB (free space)dnew = 0.46 dorig for PLS = 30 dBFrequency Environment Reduction in Coverage Distance800 MHz Open, like a parking garage 24 meters (80 feet)800 MHz Heavily walled, like a Hospital 12.5 meters (41 feet)1900 MHz Open, like a parking garage 24 meters (80 feet)1900 MHz Heavily walled, like a Hospital 9 meters (30 feet)
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-31620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Options when Connected LocallyUsing the Uplink ALC SettingUplink automatic level control (UL ALC) circuitry within the RAU provides auto-matic level control on high-power signals in the uplink path. This functionality is required to prevent compression caused by a single or multiple wireless devices that are in very close proximity to an RAU. Compression causes signal degradation and, ultimately, bit errors, and should be prevented. Two settings are available to optimize UL ALC performance:•Single Operator and Protocol: Use when only one operator and protocol is on-the-air within the Unison system’s configured and adjacent frequency bands.•Multiple Operators and/or Protocols: Use when more than one operator and/or protocol is present in the Unison system’s frequency and adjacent frequency bands.The following table shows the frequency bands that are adjacent to the bands that the system is configured for.Table 7-2 Frequency Bands Adjacent to System Configured BandsSystem Configuration Adjacent BandsiDEN CellularCellular iDENPCS AD PCS BPCS DB PCS A, PCS EPCS BE PCS D, PCS FPCS EF PCS B, PCS CPCS FC PCS EGSM –EGSM –DCS 1 DCS 2DCS 2 DCS 1, DCS 3DCS 3 –UMTS 1 UMTS 2, UMTS 3UMTS 2 UMTS 1, UMTS 3UMTS 3 UMTS 1, UMTS 2
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-32 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A•Clear All Disconnect Status: clears a port disconnect fault when an Expansion Hub or an RAU is disconnected and will not be re-connected.•Command Unit In-Service: returns a unit to service that was previously removed from service; restores a component to the system’s alarm monitoring; displays the unit lock, unit not system tested, or normal operation icon.•Command Unit Out-of-Service: removes a unit, and all of its downstream units, from service, there is no RF transmission; lets you temporarily remove a compo-nent from the system’s alarm monitoring; displays unit “lock” icon.•Set Callback Number: displays a dialog box in which you enter the phone num-ber that the system uses to communicate with OpsConsole users. You can use up to 64 characters: 0 through 9, and the comma (,) for a pause. Leave the field blank if you do not want the unit to call out. Refer to your modem documentation for other characters that you can use. To disable callback, leave the text box empty.•Set Contact Sense Properties: enables/disables the external sensing of either nor-mally open or normally closed contact closures; displays “contact sense alarm” or “contact sense okay” icon.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-33620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Options when Connected Locally•Set System Parameters: displays a dialog box from which you select uplink and downlink gain settings, and/or specify a system label. If the system label text box is left empty, the System Status tree displays the default label “1”.•System Test: An end-to-end RF path functional test that includes cable length esti-mation and system gain refinement is performed during the system test. System operation is suspended while the test is being performed. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-34 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A7.3.3 Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely You can only choose read-only options and view system status when you are remotely connected to the Main Hub. You cannot set parameters or change system configuration remotely. (See Table 7-1 on page 7-26.)•Get Current Errors: displays the highest priority error with a recommendation for resolving it
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-35620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely•Get Current Warnings: displays the highest priority warning with a recommen-dation for resolving it•Get System Parameters: displays the frequency band, callback number, uplink and downlink system gain, and system label
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-36 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A•Get Unit Info: displays the Options dialog box in which you select a unit.Select a unit and click the OK button to display that unit’s serial number, part num-ber, revision number and firmware version. Additionally, the advanced settings for the RAU are displayed when RAU information is requested.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-37620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Read-Only Options when Connected Remotely•Refresh System Status: requests system status and updates the System Status tree
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-38 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A7.4 Upgrading FirmwareThe firmware update program automatically detects which unit the firmware is intended for and displays the firmware ID and version number in the Firmware Update window, as shown in the following figure.Figure 7-9 Firmware Update WindowUpdating Firmware1. Copy the firmware program to the PC.2. Start AdminManager and select the Firmware Update radio button on the Start window, and then click run.An Open File dialog box is displayed.3. Choose the .m19 file you want to open from the Open File dialog box and click OPEN.The firmware ID and version number are displayed in the Firmware Update win-dow.4. Click the PROGRAM button to start the download.This button changes to CANCEL during the download, click it to stop the firmware update.5. Click the DONE button.This button is enabled when the download is completed.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-39620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY System Status Tree7.5 System Status TreeA hierarchical tree of the detected system components is displayed in the System Sta-tus pane.7.5.1 System Status Tree IconsThe following table shows the icons that may appear in the System Status tree.Table 7-3 System Status Tree IconsIcon DescriptionMain Hub normal operationMain Hub faultMain Hub lock (unit and all downstream units are out-of-service)Main Hub has not been system testedMain Hub warningExpansion Hub normal operationExpansion Hub faultExpansion Hub lock (unit and all downstream RAUs are out-of-service)Expansion Hub has not been system testedExpansion Hub warningRAU normal operationRAU faultRAU lockRAU has not been system testedRAU warningNo communicationContact sense alarmContact sense okay
Installing and Using the AdminManager Software PRELIMINARY7-40 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A
PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual 8-1620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARYSECTION 8 Designing a Unison SolutionDesigning a Unison solution is ultimately a matter of determining coverage and capacity needs. This requires the following steps:1. Determine the wireless service provider’s requirements.This information is usually supplied by the service provider:• Frequency (i.e., 850 MHz)• Band (i.e., “A” band in the Cellular spectrum)• Protocol (i.e., TDMA, CDMA, GSM, iDEN)• Peak capacity requirement (this, and whether or not the building will be split into sectors, determines the number of carriers that the system will have to transmit)• Design goal (RSSI, received signal strength at the wireless handset, i.e., –85 dBm)The design goal is always a stronger signal than the cell phone needs. It includes inherent factors which will affect performance (see Section 8.4.1 on page 8-33).• RF source (base station or BDA), type of equipment if possible2. Determine the power per carrier and input power from the base station or BDA into the Main Hub: Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU,” on page 8-3.The maximum power per carrier is a function of the number of RF carriers, the carrier headroom requirement, signal quality issues, regulatory emissions require-ments, and Unison’s RF performance. The power per carrier decreases as the number of carriers increases. 3. Determine the in-building environment: Section 8.2, “Estimating RF Cover-age,” on page 8-19.• Determine which areas of the building require coverage (entire building, public areas, parking levels, etc.)
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A• Obtain floor plans to determine floor space of building and the wall layout of the proposed areas to be covered. Floor plans will also be useful when you are selecting antenna locations.• If possible, determine the building’s construction materials (sheetrock, metal, concrete, etc.)• Determine type of environment– Open layout (e.g., a convention center)– Dense, close walls (e.g., a hospital)– Mixed use (e.g., an office building with hard wall offices and cubicles)4. Develop an RF link budget: Section 8.4, “Link Budget Analysis,” on page 8-32.Knowing the power per carrier, you can calculate an RF link budget which is used to predict how much propagation loss can be allowed in the system, while still providing satisfactory performance throughout the area being covered. The link budget is a methodical way to derive a “design goal”. If the design goal is pro-vided in advance, the link budget is simply: allowable RF loss = max. power per carrier – design goal.5. Determine the appropriate estimated path loss slope that corresponds to the type of building and its layout, and estimate the coverage distance for each RAU: Section 8.2, “Estimating RF Coverage,” on page 8-19.The path loss slope (PLS), which gives a value to the RF propagation characteris-tics within the building, is used to convert the RF link budget into an estimate of the coverage distance per antenna. This will help establish the Unison equipment quantities you will need. The actual path loss slope that corresponds to the spe-cific RF environment inside the building can also be determined empirically by performing an RF site-survey of the building. This involves transmitting a cali-brated tone for a fixed antenna and making measurements with a mobile antenna throughout the area surrounding the transmitter.6. Determine the items required to connect to the base station: Section 8.6, “Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station,” on page 8-46.Once you know the quantities of Unison equipment you will use, you can deter-mine the accessories (combiners/dividers, surge suppressors, repeaters, attenua-tors, circulators, etc.) that are required to connect the system to the base station.The individual elements that must be considered in designing a Unison solution are discussed in the following sections.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-3620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU8.1 Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAUThe following tables show the recommended maximum power per carrier out of the RAU SMA connector for different frequencies, formats, and numbers of carriers. These limits are dictated by RF signal quality and regulatory emissions issues. The maximum input power to the Main Hub is determined by subtracting the system gain from the maximum output power of the RAU. System gain is software selectable from 0 dB to 15 dB in 1 dB steps. Additionally, both the uplink and downlink RAU gain can be reduced by 10 dB.Therefore, when you connect a Main Hub to a base station or repeater, the RF power per carrier usually needs to be attenuated in order to avoid exceeding Unison’s maxi-mum output power recommendations.Refer to Section 8.7, “Designing for a Neutral Host System,” on page 8-50 when combining frequencies or protocols on a single Main Hub.WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power could cause perma-nent damage to the Main Hub.
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-4 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AWARNING: For 800 MHz AMPS, do not exceed the maximum compos-ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-1 800 MHz (AMPS) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)110.0210.0310.0410.0510.0610.579.588.598.010 7.011 7.012 6.513 6.014 5.515 5.516 5.020 4.030 2.0
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-5620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAUWARNING: For 800 MHz TDMA, do not exceed the maximum compos-ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-2 800 MHz (TDMA) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)110.0210.0310.0410.0510.0610.079.588.598.010 7.511 7.012 6.513 6.514 6.015 5.516 5.520 4.530 2.5
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-6 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AWARNING: For 800 MHz CDMA, do not exceed the maximum com-posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-3 800 MHz (CDMA) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)116.0213.5312.0411.0510.069.578.588.0
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-7620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAUWARNING: For 800 MHz iDEN, do not exceed the maximum compos-ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-4 800 MHz (iDEN) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)110.0210.0310.0410.059.068.077.086.596.010 5.511 5.012 4.513 4.014 4.015 3.516 3.020 2.030 0.5
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-8 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AWARNING: For 900 MHz GSM or EGSM, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-5 900 MHz (GSM or EGSM) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)110.0210.0310.0410.059.068.578.087.597.010 6.511 6.512 6.013 5.514 5.515 5.016 5.0
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-9620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAUWARNING: For 900 MHz EDGE, do not exceed the maximum compos-ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-6 900 MHz (EDGE) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)110.0210.0310.0410.059.068.578.087.597.010 6.511 6.512 6.013 5.514 5.515 5.016 5.0
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AWARNING: For 1800 MHz DCS, do not exceed the maximum compos-ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-7 1800 MHz (DCS) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)110.0210.0310.0410.0510.069.578.587.597.010 6.511 6.012 5.513 5.014 5.015 4.516 4.0
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-11620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAUWARNING: For 1800 MHz EDGE, do not exceed the maximum com-posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-8 1800 MHz (EDGE) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)110.0210.0310.0410.059.068.077.586.596.010 5.511 5.012 4.513 4.514 4.015 3.516 3.5
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-12 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AWARNING: For 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea), do not exceed the maxi-mum composite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-9 1800 MHz (CDMA Korea) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)114.5212.0310.549.558.568.077.086.5
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-13620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAUWARNING: For 1900 MHz TDMA, do not exceed the maximum com-posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-10 1900 MHz (TDMA) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)110.0210.0310.0410.0510.069.078.087.096.510 6.011 5.512 5.013 5.014 4.515 4.016 4.020 3.030 1.0
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-14 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AWARNING: For 1900 MHz GSM, do not exceed the maximum compos-ite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-11 1900 MHz (GSM) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)110.0210.0310.0410.0510.069.578.587.597.010 6.511 6.012 5.513 5.014 5.015 4.516 4.0
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-15620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAUWARNING: For 1900 MHz CDMA, do not exceed the maximum com-posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-12 1900 MHz (CDMA) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)114.5212.0310.549.558.568.077.086.5
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-16 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AWARNING: For 1900 MHz EDGE, do not exceed the maximum com-posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-13 1900 MHz (EDGE) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)110.0210.0310.0410.059.068.077.586.596.010 5.511 5.012 4.513 4.514 4.015 3.516 3.5
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-17620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAUWARNING: For 2.1 GHz WCDMA, do not exceed the maximum com-posite input power of 1W (+30 dBm) to the Main Hub at any time.Table 8-14 2.1 GHz (WCDMA) Power per CarrierNo. ofCarriersPower per Carrier (dBm)114.5211.038.547.056.065.074.583.5
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-18 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AAllowing for Future Capacity GrowthSometimes a Unison deployment initially is used to enhance coverage. Later that same system may also need to provide increased capacity. Thus, the initial deploy-ment might only transmit two carriers but need to transmit four carriers later. There are two options for dealing with this scenario:1. Design the initial coverage with a maximum power per carrier for four carriers. 2. Design the initial coverage for two carriers but leave Expansion Hub ports unused. These ports can be used later if coverage holes are discovered once the power per carrier is lowered to accommodate the two additional carriers.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-19620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Estimating RF Coverage8.2 Estimating RF CoverageThe maximum power per carrier (based on the number and type of RF carriers that are being transmitted) and the minimum acceptable received power at the wireless device (i.e., RSSI, the design goal) establish the RF link budget, and consequently the maximum acceptable path loss between the antenna and the wireless device.Figure 8-1 Determining Path Loss between the Antenna and the Wireless Device(P + Lcoax + G) – RSSI = PL (1)The path loss (PL) is the loss in decibels (dB) between the antenna and the wireless device. The distance, d, from the antenna corresponding to this path loss can be calcu-lated using the path loss equations in Section 8.2.1 and in Section 8.2.2.The following table lists coaxial cable loss.Table 8-15 Coaxial Cable LossesLength of CableLoss at 800 MHz(dB)Loss at1900 MHz(dB)0.9 m (3 ft) 0.4 0.6 1.8 m (6 ft) 0.9 1.43.0 m (10 ft) 1.5 2.4RAUP = power per dAntenna and Gain (G)RSSI = power at thewireless devicecarrier from the RAU
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-20 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A8.2.1 Path Loss EquationIndoor path loss obeys the distance power law1 in equation (2):PL = 20log(4πd0f/c) + 10nlog(d/d0) + Χs(2)where:• PL is the path loss at a distance, d, from the antenna (the distance between the antenna that is connected to the RAU and the point where the RF signal decreases to the minimum acceptable level at the wireless device).•d0 is usually taken as 1 meter of free-space. • f is the operating frequency in hertz.• c is the speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 × 108 m/sec).• n is the path loss exponent and depends on the building “clutter”.•Χs is a normal random variable that depends on partition losses inside the build-ing, and therefore, depends on the frequency of operation.As a reference, the following table gives estimates of signal loss for some RF barriers.11. Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.Table 8-16 Average Signal Loss of Common Building MaterialsPartition Type Loss (dB)@ <2 GHz Frequency (MHz)Metal wall 26 815Aluminum siding 20 815Foil insulation 4 815Cubicle walls 1.4 900Concrete block wall 13 1300Concrete floor 10 1300Sheetrock 1 to 2 1300Light machinery 3 1300General machinery 7 1300Heavy machinery 11 1300Equipment racks 7 1300Assembly line 6 1300Ceiling duct 5 1300Metal stairs 5 1300
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-21620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Coverage Distance8.2.2 Coverage DistanceEquations (1) and (2), on pages 8-19 and 8-20, respectively, can be used to estimate the distance from the antenna to where the RF signal decreases to the minimum acceptable level at the wireless device.Equation (2) can be simplified to:PL(d) = 20log(4πf/c) + PLSlog(d) (3)where PLS (path loss slope) is chosen to account for the building’s environment. Because different frequencies penetrate partitions with different losses, the value of PLS will vary depending on the frequency.Table 8-17 shows estimated path loss slope (PLS) for various environments that have different “clutter” (i.e., objects that attenuate the RF signals, such as walls, partitions, stairwells, equipment racks, etc.)For simplicity, Equation (3) can be used to estimate the coverage distance of an antenna that is connected to an RAU, for a given path loss, frequency, and type of in-building environment.Table 8-17 Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building EnvironmentsFacility PLS for 800/900 MHz PLS for 1800/1900 MHzManufacturing 35 32Hospital 39.4 38.1Airport 35 32Retail 36.1 33.1Warehouse 35 32Parking Garage 33.7 30.1Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 36.1 33.1Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 37.6 34.8Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 39.4 38.1
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-22 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. ATable 8-18 gives the value of the first term of Equation (3) (i.e., (20log(4πf/c)) for various frequency bands.Table 8-18 Frequency Bands and the Value of the first Term in Equation (3)Band (MHz) Mid-Band Frequency (MHz) 20log(4πf/c)Uplink Downlink800 MHz Cellular 824–849 869–894 859 31.1800 MHz iDEN 806–824 851–869 837.5 30.9900 MHz GSM 890–915 935–960 925 31.8900 MHz EGSM 880–915 925–960 920 31.71800 MHz DCS 1710–1785 1805–1880 1795 37.51800 MHz CDMA (Korea) 1750–1780 1840–1870 1810 37.61900 MHz PCS 1850–1910 1930–1990 1920 38.12.1 GHz UMTS 1920–1980 2110–2170 2045 38.7
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-23620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Coverage DistanceFor reference, Tables 8-19 through 8-25 show the distance covered by an antenna for various in-building environments. The following assumptions were made:• Path loss Equation (3)• 6 dBm output per carrier at the RAU output• 3 dBi antenna gain• RSSI = –85 dBm (typical for narrowband protocols, but not for spread-spec-trum protocols)Table 8-19 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 800 MHz Cellular ApplicationsFacilityDistance from AntennaMeters FeetManufacturing 63 205Hospital 39 129Airport 63 205Retail 55 181Warehouse 63 205Parking Garage 73 241Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 55 181Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 47 154Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 39 129Table 8-20 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 800 MHz iDEN ApplicationsFacilityDistance from AntennaMeters FeetManufacturing 64 208Hospital 40 131Airport 64 208Retail 56 184Warehouse 64 208Parking Garage 75 244Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 56 184Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 48 156Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 40 131
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-24 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. ATable 8-21 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 900 MHz GSM ApplicationsFacilityDistance from AntennaMeters FeetManufacturing 60 197Hospital 38 125Airport 60 197Retail 53 174Warehouse 60 197Parking Garage 70 230Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 53 174Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 45 148Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 38 125Table 8-22 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 900 MHz EGSM ApplicationsFacilityDistance from AntennaMeters FeetManufacturing 60 197Hospital 38 125Airport 60 197Retail 53 174Warehouse 60 197Parking Garage 70 231Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 53 174Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 45 149Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 38 125
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-25620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Coverage DistanceTable 8-23 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 1800 MHz DCS ApplicationsFacilityDistance from AntennaMeters FeetManufacturing 58 191Hospital 30 100Airport 58 191Retail 51 167Warehouse 58 191Parking Garage 75 246Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 50 166Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 42 137Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 30 100Table 8-24 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea) ApplicationsFacilityDistance from AntennaMeters FeetManufacturing 58 191Hospital 30 100Airport 58 191Retail 51 167Warehouse 58 191Parking Garage 75 247Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 51 167Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 42 138Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 30 100
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-26 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. ATable 8-25 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 1900 MHz PCS ApplicationsFacilityDistance from AntennaMeters FeetManufacturing 56 183Hospital 29 96Airport 56 183Retail 49 160Warehouse 56 183Parking Garage 72 236Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 49 160Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 40 132Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 29 96Table 8-26 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 2.1 GHz UMTS ApplicationsFacilityDistance from AntennaMeters FeetManufacturing 54 176Hospital 28 93Airport 54 176Retail 47 154Warehouse 54 176Parking Garage 69 226Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 47 154Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 39 128Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 28 93
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-27620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Examples of Design Estimates8.2.3 Examples of Design EstimatesExample Design Estimate for an 800 MHz TDMA Application1. Design goals:• Cellular (859 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink frequency in 800 MHz Cellular band)• TDMA provider• 6 TDMA carriers in the system• –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the building) — the minimum received power at the wireless device• Base station with simplex RF connections2. Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Car-rier at RAU,” on page 8-3 provide maximum power per carrier information. The 800 MHz TDMA table (on page 8-5) indicates that Unison can support 6 carriers with a recommended maximum power per carrier of 10.5 dBm. The input power should be set to the desired output power minus the system gain.3. Building information:• 8 floor building with 9,290 sq. meters (100,000 sq. ft.) per floor; total 74,322 sq. meters (800,000 sq. ft.)• Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles• Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted• Standard office environment, 50% hard wall offices and 50% cubicles4. Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propa-gation loss should be no more than 98.5 dB (10.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over 95% of the area being covered. It is important to note that a design goal such as –85 dBm is usually derived taking into account multipath fading and log-normal shadowing characteristics. Thus, this design goal will only be met “on average” over 95% of the area being covered. At any given point, a fade may bring the sig-nal level underneath the design goal.Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path. For information to calculate link budgets for both the downlink and uplink paths, see Section 8.4 on page 8-32.5. Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, Table 8-17, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building Environments” on page 8-21, shows that a building with 50% hard wall offices and 50% cubicles, at 859 MHz, has an approximate path loss slope (PLS) of 37.6. Given the RF link budget of 98.5 dB, the distance of coverage from each RAU will be 62 meters (203 ft). This corresponds to a coverage area of 12,079 sq. meters (129,952 sq. ft.) per RAU (see Section 8.2.1 for details on path loss estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though the actual area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstructions in the facility.
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-28 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AEquipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate the Unison equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are tested in the building, you can estimate that 2 antennas per level will be needed.a. 1 antenna per floor × 8 floors = 8 RAUsb. 8 RAUs ÷ 8 (max 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 1 Expansion Hubc. 1 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (max 4 Expansion Hubs per Main Hub) = 1 Main HubCheck that the MMF and Cat-5 cable distances are as recommended. If the dis-tances differ, use the tables in Section 8.3, “System Gain,” on page 8-31 to deter-mine system gains or losses. The path loss may need to be recalculated to assure adequate signal levels in the required coverage distance.The above estimates assume that all cable length requirements are met. If Expansion Hubs cannot be placed so that the RAUs are within the distance requirement, addi-tional Expansion Hubs may need to be placed closer to the required RAUs locations.An RF Site Survey and Building Evaluation is required to accurately establish the Unison equipment quantities required for the building. The site survey measures the RF losses within the building to determine the actual PLS, which will be used in the final path loss formula to determine the actual requirements of the Unison system.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-29620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Examples of Design EstimatesExample Design Estimate for an 1900 MHz CDMA Application1. Design goals:• PCS (1920 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink fre-quency in 1900 MHz PCS band)• CDMA provider• 8 CDMA carriers in the system• –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the building) — the minimum received power at the wireless device• Base station with simplex RF connections2. Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Car-rier at RAU,” on page 8-3 provide maximum power per carrier information. The 1900 MHz CDMA table (on page 8-15) indicates that Unison can support 8 carri-ers with a recommended maximum power per carrier of 6.5 dBm. The input power should be set to the desired output power minus the system gain.3. Building information:• 16 floor building with 9,290 sq. meters (100,000 sq. ft.) per floor; total 148,640 sq. meters (1,600,000 sq. ft.)• Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles• Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted• Standard office environment, 80% hard wall offices and 20% cubicles4. Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propa-gation loss should be no more than 94.5 dB (6.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over 95% of the area being covered. It is important to note that a design goal such as –85 dBm is usually derived taking into account multipath fading and log-normal shadowing characteristics. Thus, this design goal will only be met “on average” over 95% of the area being covered. At any given point, a fade may bring the sig-nal level underneath the design goal.Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path. For information to calculate link budgets for both the downlink and uplink paths, see Section 8.4 on page 8-32.5. Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, Table 8-17, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building Environments” on page 8-21, shows that a building with 80% hard wall offices and 20% cubicles, at 1920 MHz, has an approximate path loss slope (PLS) of 38.1. Given the RF link budget of 94.5 dB, the distance of coverage from each RAU will be 50 meters (166 ft). This corresponds to a coverage area of 8,031 sq. meters (86,404 sq. ft.) per RAU (see Section 8.2.1 for details on path loss estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though the actual area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstructions in the facility.
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-30 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A6. Equipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate the Unison equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are tested in the building, you can estimate that 2 antennas per level will be needed.a. 2 antennas per floor × 16 floors = 32 RAUsb. 32 RAUs ÷ 8 (max 8 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 4 Expansion Hubsc. 4 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (max 4 Expansion Hubs per Main Hub) = 1 Main HubCheck that the MMF and Cat-5 cable distances are as recommended. If the dis-tances differ, use the tables in Section 8.3, “System Gain,” on page 8-31 to deter-mine system gains or losses. The path loss may need to be recalculated to assure adequate signal levels in the required coverage distance.The above estimates assume that all cable length requirements are met. If Expansion Hubs cannot be placed so that the RAUs are within the distance requirement, addi-tional Expansion Hubs may need to be placed closer to the required RAUs locations.An RF Site Survey and Building Evaluation is required to accurately establish the Unison equipment quantities required for the building. The site survey measures the RF losses within the building to determine the actual PLS, which will be used in the final path loss formula to determine the actual requirements of the Unison system.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-31620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY System Gain8.3 System GainThe system gain can be decreased from 15 dB to 0 dB gain in 1 dB increments and the uplink and downlink gain of any RAU can be decreased by 10 dB in one step using AdminManager or OpsConsole.8.3.1 System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable LengthThe recommended minimum length of ScTP cable is 20 meters (66 ft) and the recom-mended maximum length is 100 meters (328 ft). If the ScTP cable is less than 10 meters (33 ft), system performance may not meet specifications. If the ScTP cable is longer than 100 meters (328 ft), the gain of the system will decrease, as shown in Table 8-27.Table 8-27 System Gain (Loss) Relative to ScTP Cable LengthScTP Cable LengthTypical change in system gain (dB)Downlink Uplink800 MHz TDMA/AMPS and CDMA; 900 MHz GSM and EGSM; and iDEN110 m / 361 ft –1.0 –0.7120 m / 394 ft –3.2 –2.4130 m / 426 ft –5.3 –4.1140 m / 459 ft –7.5 –5.8150 m / 492 ft –9.7 –7.61800 MHz GSM (DCS); 1900 MHz TDMA, CDMA, and GSM110 m / 361 ft –1.0 –0.7120 m / 394 ft –4.0 –2.4130 m / 426 ft –6.4 –4.1140 m / 459 ft –8.8 –5.8150 m / 492 ft –11.3 –7.62.1 GHz UMTS110 m / 361 ft –1.0 –0.7120 m / 394 ft –3.2 –2.4130 m / 426 ft –5.3 –4.1140 m / 459 ft –7.5 –5.8150 m / 492 ft –9.7 –7.6
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-32 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A8.4 Link Budget AnalysisA link budget is a methodical way to account for the gains and losses in an RF system so that the quality of coverage can be predicted. The end result can often be stated as a “design goal” in which the coverage is determined by the maximum distance from each RAU before the signal strength falls beneath that goal.One key feature of the link budget is the maximum power per carrier discussed in Section 8.1. While the maximum power per carrier is important as far as emissions and signal quality requirements are concerned, it is critical that the maximum signal into the Main Hub never exceed 1W (+30 dBm). Composite power levels above this limit will cause damage to the Main Hub.WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power of 1W (+30 dBm) could cause permanent damage to the Main Hub.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-33620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards8.4.1 Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband StandardsThe link budget represents a typical calculation that might be used to determine how much path loss can be afforded in a Unison design. This link budget analyzes both the downlink and uplink paths. For most configurations, the downlink requires lower path loss and is therefore the limiting factor in the system design. It is for this reason that a predetermined “design goal” for the downlink is sufficient to predict coverage distance.The link budget is organized in a simple manner: the transmitted power is calculated, the airlink losses due to fading and body loss are summed, and the receiver sensitivity (minimum level a signal can be received for acceptable call quality) is calculated. The maximum allowable path loss (in dB) is the difference between the transmitted power, less the airlink losses, and the receiver sensitivity. From the path loss, the maximum coverage distance can be estimated using the path loss formula presented in Section 8.2.1.Table 8-28 provides link budget considerations for narrowband systems.Table 8-28 Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband SystemsConsideration DescriptionBTS Transmit Power The power per carrier transmitted from the base station outputAttenuation between BTS and UnisonThis includes all losses: cable, attenuator, splitter/combiner, and so forth. On the downlink, attenuation must be chosen so that the maximum power per carrier going into the Main Hub does not exceed the levels given in Section 8.1. On the uplink, attenuation is chosen to keep the maximum uplink signal and noise level low enough to prevent base station alarms but small enough not to cause degradation in the system sensitivity.If the Unison noise figure minus the attenuation is at least 10 dB higher than the BTS noise figure, the system noise figure will be approximately that of Unison alone. See Section 8.6 for ways to inde-pendently set the uplink and downlink attenuations between the base station and Unison.Antenna Gain The radiated output power includes antenna gain. For example, if you use a 3 dBi antenna at the RAU that is transmitting 0 dBm per carrier, the effective radiated power (relative to an isotropic radiator) is 3 dBm per carrier.BTS Noise Figure This is the effective noise floor of the base station input (usually base station sensitivity is this effec-tive noise floor plus a certain C/I ratio).Unison Noise Figure This is Unison’s uplink noise figure, which varies depending on the number of Expansion Hubs and RAUs, and the frequency band. Unison’s uplink noise figure is specified for a 1-1-4 configuration. Thus, the noise figure for a Unison system (or multiple systems whose uplink ports are power com-bined) will be NF(1-1-4) + 10*log(# of Expansion Hubs). This represents an upper-bound because the noise figure is lower if any of the Expansion Hub’s RAU ports are not used.
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-34 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AThermal Noise This is the noise level in the signal bandwidth (BW). Thermal noise power = –174 dBm/Hz + 10Log(BW).Required C/I ratio For each wireless standard a certain C/I (carrier to interference) ratio is needed to obtain acceptable demodulation performance. For narrowband systems, (TDMA, GSM, EDGE, iDEN, AMPS) this level varies from about 9 dB to 20 dB.Mobile Transmit PowerThe maximum power the mobile can transmit (power transmitted at highest power level setting).Multipath Fade MarginThis margin allows for a certain level of fading due to multipath interference. Inside buildings there is often one or more fairly strong signals and many weaker signals arriving from reflections and dif-fraction. Signals arriving from multiple paths add constructively or destructively. This margin accounts for the possibility of destructive multipath interference. In RF site surveys this margin will not appear because it will be averaged out over power level samples taken over many locations.Log-normal Fade MarginThis margin adds an allowance for RF shadowing due to objects obstructing the direct path between the mobile equipment and the RAU. In RF site surveys, this shadowing will not appear because it will be averaged out over power level samples taken over many locations.Body Loss This accounts for RF attenuation caused by the user’s head and body.Minimum Received Signal LevelThis is also referred to as the “design goal”. The link budget says that you can achieve adequate cov-erage if the signal level is, on average, above this level over 95% of the area covered, for example.Table 8-28 Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems (continued)Consideration DescriptionProtocol Signal Bandwidth Thermal NoiseTDMA 30 kHz –129 dBmGSM 200 kHz –121 dBmiDEN 25 kHz –130 dBm
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-35620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Narrowband Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application8.4.2 Narrowband Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell ApplicationNarrowband Link Budget Analysis: Downlink• c = a + b• f = c + d + e• j = g + h + i• n = k + l + m• k: in this example, k represents the thermal noise for a TDMA signal, which has a bandwidth of 30 kHz•p = f – j – nLine DownlinkTransmittera. BTS transmit power per carrier (dBm) 33b. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –23c. Power into Unison (dBm) 10d. Unison gain (dB) 0e. Antenna gain (dBi) 3f. Radiated power per carrier (dBm) 13Airlinkg. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6h. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90% (dB)10i. Body loss (dB) 3j. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19Receiverk. Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz) –129l. Mobile noise figure (dB) 7m. Required C/I ratio (dB) 12n. Minimum received signal (dBm) –110p. Maximum path loss (dB) 104
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-36 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. ANarrowband Link Budget Analysis: Uplink• e: enter the noise figure and gain of each system component (a, b, c, and d) into the standard cascaded noise figure formula• i = f + e + g – h• m = j + k + l• p = n – m – iLine UplinkReceivera. BTS noise figure (dB) 4b. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –10c. Unison gain (dB) 0d. Unison noise figure (dB) 1-4-32 22e. System noise figure (dB) 22.6f. Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz) –129g. Required C/I ratio (dB) 12h. Antenna gain (dBi) 3i. Receive sensitivity (dBm) –97.4Airlinkj. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6k. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90% (dB)10l. Body loss (dB) 3m. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19Transmittern. Mobile transmit power (dBm) 28p. Maximum path loss (dB) 106.4Fsys = F1 + + + ....F2 – 1G1F3 – 1G1G2whereF = 10(See Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.)(Noise Figure/10)G = 10(Gain/10)
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-37620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards8.4.3 Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA StandardsA CDMA link budget is slightly more complicated because the spread spectrum nature of CDMA must be considered. Unlike narrowband standards such as TDMA and GSM, CDMA signals are spread over a relatively wide frequency band. Upon reception, the CDMA signal is de-spread. In the de-spreading process the power in the received signal becomes concentrated into a narrow band, whereas the noise level remains unchanged. Hence, the signal-to-noise ratio of the de-spread signal is higher than that of the CDMA signal before de-spreading. This increase is called processing gain. For IS-95 and J-STD-008, the processing gain is 21 dB or 19 dB depending on the user data rate (9.6 Kbps for rate set 1 and 14.4 Kbps for rate set 2, respectively). Because of the processing gain, a CDMA signal (comprising one Walsh code channel within the composite CDMA signal) can be received at a lower level than that required for narrowband signals. A reasonable level is –95 dBm, which results in about –85 dBm composite as shown below.An important issue to keep in mind is that the downlink CDMA signal is composed of many orthogonal channels: pilot, paging, sync, and traffic. The composite power level is the sum of the powers from the individual channels. An example is given in the following table.This table assumes that there are 15 active traffic channels operating with 50% voice activity (so that the total power adds up to 100%). Notice that the pilot and sync chan-nels together contribute about 25% of the power. When measuring the power in a CDMA signal you must be aware that if only the pilot and sync channels are active, the power level will be about 6 to 7 dB lower than the maximum power level you can expect when all voice channels are active. The implication is that if only the pilot and sync channels are active, and the maximum power per carrier table says that you should not exceed 10 dBm for a CDMA signal, for example, then you should set the attenuation between the base station and the Main Hub so that the Main Hub receives 3 dBm (assuming 0 dB system gain).An additional consideration for CDMA systems is that the uplink and downlink paths should be gain and noise balanced. This is required for proper operation of soft-hand-off to the outdoor network as well as preventing excess interference that is caused by mobiles on the indoor system transmitting at power levels that are not coordinated with the outdoor mobiles. This balance is achieved if the power level transmitted by the mobiles under close-loop power control is similar to the power level transmitted under open-loop power control. The open-loop power control equation isPTX + PRX = –73 dBm (for Cellular, IS-95)PTX + PRX = –76 dBm (for PCS, J-STD-008)Table 8-29 Distribution of Power within a CDMA SignalChannel Walsh Code Number Relative Power LevelPilot 0 20% –7.0 dBSync 32 5% –13.3 dBPrimary Paging 1 19% –7.3 dBTraffic 8–31, 33–63 9% (per traffic channel) –10.3 dB
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-38 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. Awhere PTX is the mobile’s transmitted power and PRX is the power received by the mobile.The power level transmitted under closed-loop power control is adjusted by the base station to achieve a certain Eb/N0 (explained in Table 8-30 on page 8-38). The differ-ence between these power levels, ∆P, can be estimated by comparing the power radi-ated from the RAU, Pdownink, to the minimum received signal, Puplink, at the RAU:∆P = Pdownink + Puplink + 73 dBm (for Cellular)∆P = Pdownink + Puplink + 76 dBm (for PCS)It’s a good idea to keep –12 dB < ∆P < 12 dB.Table 8-30 provides link budget considerations for CDMA systems.Table 8-30 Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMAConsideration DescriptionMultipath Fade MarginThe multipath fade margin can be reduced (by at least 3 dB) by using different lengths of optical fiber (this is called “delay diversity”). The delay over fiber is approximately 5µS/km. If the difference in fiber lengths to Expansion Hubs with overlapping coverage areas produces at least 1 chip (0.8µS) delay of one path relative to the other, then the multipaths’ signals can be resolved and processed independently by the base station’s rake receiver. A CDMA signal traveling through 163 meters of MMF cable will be delayed by approximately one chip. Power per car-rier, downlinkThis depends on how many channels are active. For example, the signal will be about 7 dB lower if only the pilot, sync, and paging channels are active compared to a fully-loaded CDMA signal. Furthermore, in the CDMA forward link, voice channels are turned off when the user is not speaking. On average this is assumed to be about 50% of the time. So, in the spreadsheet, both the power per Walsh code channel (rep-resenting how much signal a mobile will receive on the Walsh code that it is de-spreading) and the total power are used.The channel power is needed to determine the maximum path loss, and the total power is needed to deter-mine how hard the Unison system is being driven.The total power for a fully-loaded CDMA signal is given by (approximately):total power = voice channel power + 13 dB + 10log10 (50%)= voice channel power + 10 dBInformation Rate This is simply 10log10(9.6 Kbps) = 40 dB for rate set 110log10(14.4 Kbps) = 42 dB for rate set 2Process Gain The process of de-spreading the desired signal boosts that signal relative to the noise and interference. This gain needs to be included in the link budget. In the following formulas, PG = process gain:PG = 10log10(1.25 MHz / 9.6 Kbps) = 21 dB rate set 1PG = 10log10(1.25 MHz / 14.4 Kbps) = 19 dB rate set 2Note that the process gain can also be expressed as 10log10 (CDMA bandwidth) minus the information rate.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-39620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA StandardsOther CDMA Issues• Never combine multiple sectors (more than one CDMA signal at the same fre-quency) into a Unison system. The combined CDMA signals will interfere with each other.• Try to minimize overlap between in-building coverage areas that utilize different sectors, as well as in-building coverage and outdoor coverage areas. This is impor-tant because any area in which more than one dominant pilot signal (at the same frequency) is measured by the mobile will result in soft-handoff. Soft-handoff decreases the overall network capacity by allocating multiple channel resources to a single mobile phone.Eb/No This is the energy-per-bit divided by the received noise and interference. It’s the CDMA equivalent of sig-nal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This figure depends on the mobile’s receiver and the multipath environment. For example, the multipath delays inside a building are usually too small for a rake receiver in the mobile (or base station) to resolve and coherently combine multipath components. However, if artificial delay can be introduced by, for instance, using different lengths of cable, then the required Eb/No will be lower and the multipath fade margin in the link budget can be reduced in some cases.If the receiver noise figure is NF (dB), then the receive sensitivity (dBm) is given by:Psensitivity = NF + Eb/No + thermal noise in a 1.25 MHz band – PG= NF + Eb/No – 113 (dBm/1.25 MHz) – PGNoise Rise On the uplink, the noise floor is determined not only by the Unison system, but also by the number of mobiles that are transmitting. This is because when the base station attempts to de-spread a particular mobile’s signal, all other mobile signals appear to be noise. Because the noise floor rises as more mobiles try to communicate with a base station, the more mobiles there are, the more power they have to transmit. Hence, the noise floor rises rapidly:noise rise = 10log10(1 / (1 – loading))where loading is the number of users as a percentage of the theoretical maximum number of users.Typically, a base station is set to limit the loading to 75%. This noise ratio must be included in the link budget as a worst-case condition for uplink sensitivity. If there are less users than 75% of the maximum, then the uplink coverage will be better than predicted.Hand-off Gain CDMA supports soft hand-off, a process by which the mobile communicates simultaneously with more than one base station or more than one sector of a base station. Soft hand-off provides improved receive sensitivity because there are two or more receivers or transmitters involved. A line for hand-off gain is included in the CDMA link budgets worksheet although the gain is set to 0 dB because the in-building system will probably be designed to limit soft-handoff.Table 8-30 Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA (continued)Consideration Description
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-40 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A8.4.4 Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell ApplicationSpread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: DownlinkLine DownlinkTransmittera. BTS transmit power per traffic channel (dBm) 30.0b. Voice activity factor 50%c. Composite power (dBm) 40.0d. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –24e. Power per channel into Unison (dBm) 9.0f. Composite power into Unison (dBm) 16.0g. Unison gain (dB) 0.0h. Antenna gain (dBi) 3.0i. Radiated power per channel (dBm) 12.0j. Composite radiated power (dBm) 19.0Airlinkk. Handoff gain (dB) 0.0l. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6.0m. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90% (dB)10.0n. Additional loss (dB) 0.0o. Body loss (dB) 3.0p. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19.0Receiverq. Mobile noise figure (dB) 7.0r. Thermal noise (dBm/Hz) –174.0s. Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz) –167.0t. Information ratio (dB/Hz) 41.6u. Required Eb/(No+lo)7.0v. Receive Sensitivity (dBm) –118.4w. Minimum received signal (dBm) –99.4x. Maximum path loss (dB) –99.4
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-41620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application• b and c: see notes in Table 8-30 regarding power per carrier, downlink• e = a + d•f = c + d• i = e + g + h• j = f + g + h• p = –k + l + m + n + o• s = q + r• v = s + t + u• w = p + v•x = j – w• y = j (downlink) + m (uplink) + PwhereP = Ptx + Prx = –73 dB for Cellular–76 dB for PCS
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-42 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. ASpread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: UplinkLine UplinkReceivera. BTS noise figure (dB) 3.0b. Attenuation between BTS and Unison (dB) –30.0c. Unison gain (dB) 0.0d. Unison noise figure (dB) 22.0e. System noise figure (dB) 33.3f. Thermal noise (dBm/Hz) –174.0g. Noise rise 75% loading (dB) 6.0h. Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz) –134.6i. Information rate (dB/Hz) 41.6j. Required Eb/(No+lo)5.0k. Handoff gain (dB) 0.0l. Antenna gain (dBi) 3.0m. Minimum received signal (dBm) –91.1Airlinkn. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6.0o. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90% (dB)10.0p. Additional loss (dB) 0.0q. Body loss (dB) 3.0r. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19.0Transmitters. Mobile transmit power (dBm) 28.0t. Maximum path loss (dB) 100.1
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-43620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application• e: enter the noise figure and gain of each system component (a, b, c, and d) into the standard cascaded noise figure formula• h = e + f + g• m = h + i + j –k – l• r = n + o + p + q• t = s – r – mFsys = F1 + + + ....F2 – 1G1F3 – 1G1G2whereF = 10(See Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.)(Noise Figure/10)G = 10(Gain/10)
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-44 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A8.4.5 Considerations for Re-Radiation (over-the-air) SystemsThe Unison can be used to extend the coverage of the outdoor network by connecting to a roof-top donor antenna that is pointed toward an outdoor base station. Additional considerations for such an application of the Unison are: • Sizing the gain and output power requirements for a bi-directional amplifier (repeater).• Ensuring that noise radiated on the uplink from the in-building system does not cause the outdoor base station to become desensitized to wireless handsets in the outdoor network.• Filtering out signals that lie in adjacent frequency bands. For instance, if you are providing coverage for Cellular B-band operation it may be necessary to filter out the A, A’ and A” bands which may contain strong signals from other outdoor base stations.Further information on these issues can be found in LGC Wireless’ application notes for re-radiation applications.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-45620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Optical Power Budget8.5 Optical Power BudgetUnison uses SC/APC connectors. The connector losses associated with mating to these connectors is accounted for in the design and should not be included as ele-ments of the optical power budget. The reason is that when the optical power budget is defined, measurements are taken with these connectors in place.The Unison optical power budget for both multimode and single-mode fiber cable is 3.0 dB (optical).The maximum loss through the fiber can not exceed 3 dB (optical). The maximum lengths of the fiber cable should not exceed 1.5 km (4,921 ft) for multimode and 6 km (19,685 ft) for single-mode. Both the optical budget and the maximum cable length must be taken into consideration when designing the system.
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-46 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A8.6 Connecting a Main Hub to a Base StationThe first consideration when connecting Unison Main Hubs to a base station is to ensure there is an equal amount of loss through cables, combiners, etc. from the base station to the Main Hubs. For this example, assume that the base station will have simplex connections, one uplink and one downlink. Each of these connections will need to be divided to equilibrate power for each Main Hub. For example, two Main Hubs will require a 2×1 combiner/divider; four Main Hubs will require a 4×1 com-biner/divider; and so on.Figure 8-2 Connecting Main Hubs to a Simplex Base StationWhen connecting a Unison Main Hub to a base station, also consider the following:1. The downlink power from the base station must be attenuated enough so that the power radiated by the RAU does not exceed the maximum power per carrier listed in Section 8.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU,” on page 8-3.2. The uplink attenuation should be small enough that the sensitivity of the overall system is limited by Unison, not by the attenuator. However, some base stations will trigger alarms if the noise or signal levels are too high. In this case the attenu-ation will have to be large enough to prevent this from happening.If, in an area covered by Unison, a mobile phone indicates good signal strength but consistently has difficulty completing calls, it is possible that the attenuation between Unison and the base station needs to be adjusted. In other words, it is possible that if the uplink is over-attenuated, the downlink power will provide good coverage, but the uplink coverage distance will be small.When there is an excessive amount of loss between the Main Hub uplink and the base station, the uplink system gain can be increased to as much as 15 dB to prevent a reduction in the overall system sensitivity.Base Station2 × 1 combiner/dividerDownlink/ForwardMain Hub 1Main Hub 2Uplink/Reverse
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-47620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Attenuation8.6.1 AttenuationFigure 8-3 shows a typical setup wherein a duplex base station is connected to a Main Hub. For a simplex base station, eliminate the circulator and connect the simplex ports of the base station to the simplex ports of the Main Hub. Add attenuators to reg-ulate the power appropriately.Figure 8-3 Main Hub to Duplex Base Station or Repeater ConnectionsDuplexBase Station Main HubForwardReverseA3A1A2• A typical circulator has an IP3 of +70dBm. If you drive the circulator too hard it will produce intermods that are bigger than the intermods produced by Unison. The IP3 at the Forward port input of the Main Hub is approximately +38 dBm. The IP3 of the circulator at that same point (i.e., following attenuator A1) is +70dBm – A1. Thus, to keep the system IP3 from being adversely affected by the circulator, attenuator A1 should be no more than approxi-mately +30 dB.• A filter diplexer can be used in place of the circulator. The IP3 of the diplexer can be assumed to be greater than +100 dBm. If a diplexer is used, A3 can be omitted.• A1+A3 should be chosen so that the output power per carrier at the RAU’s output is correct for the number of carriers being transmitted. Suppose the base station transmits 36 dBm per carrier and it is desired that the RAU output be 6 dBm per carrier and the forward port gain is 0 dB. Then A1+A3=30 dB.• A2+A3 should, ideally, be at least 10 dB less than the noise figure plus the gain of the Uni-son system. For example, if the reverse port has a 0 dB gain and if there are 32 RAUs, the noise figure is approximately 22 dB. So A2+A3 should be about 10 dB. If A2+A3 is too large, the uplink coverage can be severely reduced.• Given these three equations: A1 < 30 dBA1+A3 = 30 dB (in this example)A2+A3 < 10 dB (in this example)we could choose A1=20 dB, A2=0 dB, A3=10 dBorRepeater
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-48 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A8.6.2 Uplink AttenuationThe attenuation between the Main Hub’s reverse port and the base station does two things:1. It attenuates the noise coming out of Unison.2. It attenuates the desired signals coming out of Unison. Setting the attenuation on the uplink is a trade-off between keeping the noise and maximum signal levels transmitted from Unison to the base station receiver low while not reducing the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of the path from the RAU inputs to the base station inputs. This SNR can not be better than the SNR of Unison by itself, although it can be significantly worse.For example, suppose we have a GSM Unison system consisting of one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs (1-4-32) with uplink NF=22 dB. (See Table 8-30 on page 8-38.) If we use 30 dB of attenuation between the Main Hub’s reverse port and the base station (which has its own noise figure of about 4 dB), the overall noise figure will be 34.3 dB (refer to the formula on page 8-36) which is 12.3 dB worse than Unison by itself. That causes a 12.3 dB reduction in the uplink coverage dis-tance. Now, if the attenuation instead is 10 dB, the cascaded noise figure is NF=22.6 dB, which implies that the uplink sensitivity is limited by Unison, a desir-able condition.Rule of ThumbA good rule of thumb is to set the uplink attenuation, A2+A3 in Figure 8-3 on page 8-47, as follows:A2+A3 ≈ Unison uplink NF + uplink gain (0 dB for reverse port) – BTS NF – 10dBand round A2 down to the nearest convenient attenuation value.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-49620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Uplink Attenuation8.6.2.1 Uplink Attenuation Exception: CDMAIn CDMA systems, the power transmitted by the mobile is determined by the charac-teristics of both the uplink and downlink paths. The power transmitted by the mobile should be similar in open-loop control (as determined by the downlink path) as dur-ing closed-loop control (as determined by the uplink and downlink paths). In addi-tion, the mobile’s transmit power when it communicates with a base station through Unison should be similar to the power transmitted when it communicates with a base station in the outdoor network (during soft hand-off). Because of these consider-ations, you should not allow the downlink and uplink gains to vary widely.Open-loop power control:PTX = –76 dBm (for PCS) – PRXwhere PTX is the power transmitted and PRX is the power received by the mobile. If PL is the path loss (in dB) between the RAU and the mobile, and PDN is the downlink power radiated by the RAU, then PTX = –76 dBm (for PCS) – PDN + PLClosed-loop power control:PTX = noise floor + uplink NF – process gain + Eb/No + PL= –113 dBm/1.25 Mhz + NF – 19 dB + 7 dB + PLwhere Eb/No = 7 dB is a rough estimate, and NF is the cascaded noise figure of the Unison uplink, the uplink attenuation, and the base station noise figure. Equating PTX for the open-loop and closed-loop we see thatNF = 49 – PDNwhere PDN is determined by the downlink attenuation. Since PDN for Unison is about 10 dBm, we see that the cascaded noise figure is about 39 dB, which is considerably higher than that of Unison itself. This implies that we should use a fairly large attenu-ation on the uplink. This case suggests using as much attenuation on the downlink as on the uplink. The drawback of doing this is that the uplink coverage sensitivity is reduced. A link budget analysis will clarify these issues. Typically, the uplink attenu-ation between the Main Hub and the base station will be the same as, or maybe 10 dB less than, the downlink attenuation.
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-50 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A8.7 Designing for a Neutral Host SystemDesigning for a neutral host system uses the same design rules previously discussed. Since a neutral host system typically uses multiple systems in parallel, we find it best to design for the worst case system so that there will not be holes in the covered area and the economies of a single installation can be achieved. For example, as indicated Section 7.1, the 1900 MHz RF signals do not propagate throughout a building as well as the 800 MHz systems, therefore, we design to the 1900 MHz path loss formula.8.7.1 Capacity of the Unison Neutral Host SystemEach Main Hub can support more than one sub-band of the Cellular or PCS bands. The exception to this is the iDEN Main Hub, because the SMR band is not split into sub-bands.The 800 MHz Main Hub can support both the A band and the B band simultaneously. Also, the 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz Main Hubs can support two bands each (as the frequencies currently are allocated).For example, a neutral host system that consists of one iDEN, one 800 MHz, and two 1900 MHz systems can support up to seven separate service providers:•1 on iDEN• 2 on 800 MHz, A band and B band• 2 in each 1900 MHz
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-51620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Example Unison Neutral Host System8.7.2 Example Unison Neutral Host SystemThe following example configuration assumes:• 3 dBm per carrier output• Each System supports two bands, and therefore, two Operators(Exception: iDEN supports one Operator)Example Configuration:• 800 MHz iDEN: 16 channels• 800 MHz CellularTDMA Band: 16 channelsCDMA Band: 3 channels• 1900 MHz PCSTDMA Band: 16 channelsCDMA Band: 3 channelsGSM Band: 6 channels
Designing a Unison Solution PRELIMINARY8-52 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A
PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual 9-1620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARYSECTION 9 Replacing Unison Components in an Operating System9.1 Replacing an RAUBe aware that the new RAU must be the same band as the one you are replacing. If you replace an RAU with one that is of the wrong band, it will not work.The Main Hub automatically checks the band of a replaced RAU. There is no need to issue commands directly from the Main Hub. Therefore, as long as the RAU is of the correct band, the system will operate properly.Replacing an RAU1. Use AdminManager or refer to the As-Built Document to review the current RAU’s configuration.2. Disconnect the Cat-5/6 cable and antenna from the unit to be replaced.3. Install the new RAU.4. Connect the antenna and then the Cat-5/6 cable to the new RAUAdminManager Tasks• Use the Advanced RAU Settings option on the Configuration & Maintenance panel to set the RAU’s 10 dB attenuation and UL ALC settings.• When convenient, perform System Test to optimize performance.During System Test, the entire system is temporarily off-line and no RF is being transmitted. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.
Replacing Unison Components in an Operating System PRELIMINARY9-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AChecking the RAU’s LEDs1. The RAU’s LINK and ALARM LEDs should blink (green/red) on power up.• If the LEDs do not blink on power up, replace the RAU.2. After several seconds both LEDs should change to green, which indicates that the unit has been successfully replaced, there is communication with the Expansion Hub, and the RAU band is correct.a. If the LINK LED remains green and the ALARM LED remains red, verify that the RAU model is correct for the intended frequency band.– Disconnect the cable and then reconnect it once; doing this more than once will not change the result.b. If both LEDs still don’t change to green, use the AdminManager to determine the exact nature of the fault and see a recommendation of how to correct it.c. If both LEDs turn red (after 45 seconds), the Expansion Hub has terminated communications.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 9-3620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Replacing an Expansion Hub9.2 Replacing an Expansion HubReplacing an Expansion Hub1. Turn off the power to the Expansion Hub.2. Disconnect all Cat-5/6 cables, both fiber cables, and the AC power cord.3. Replace the Expansion Hub with a new one.4. Connect the AC power cord, all Cat-5/6 cables, and both fiber cables – remember-ing to clean and correctly connect the uplink and downlink fiber.5. Turn on the power to the Expansion Hub.AdminManager Tasks• The Main Hub automatically issues the band setting.• When convenient, perform System Test to optimize performance.During System Test, the entire system is temporarily off-line and no RF is being transmitted. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.Checking the Expansion Hub’s LEDs• The LEDs should blink through all states on power up.• If the LEDs do not blink on power up, replace the Expansion Hub.• If the LEDs do not illuminate at all, make sure the AC power cable is con-nected.•The UL STATUS and DL STATUS LEDs should be green.•The E-HUB STATUS and POWER LEDs should be green.• For each RJ-45 port that has an RAU connected:•The E-HUB/RAU LEDs should be green.•The LINK LEDs should be green.It can take several seconds for each Cat-5/6 connection for the LEDs to display properly.NOTE: Refer to Section 10 for troubleshooting using the LEDs.
Replacing Unison Components in an Operating System PRELIMINARY9-4 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A9.3 Replacing a Main HubYou must record the system configuration settings from the old Main Hub’s memory before replacing the unit. You will program the new Main Hub with this information. If the Main Hub is programmed incorrectly, the system will not work. If the Main Hub is not functioning, get the configuration settings from the As-Built Document that was created as part of the original installation.Get System Configuration Settings1. Connect the null modem cable to the PC and the Main Hub.2. Start the AdminManager software.3. Select the Configuration & Maintenance Panel option from the introductory win-dow.4. Click the SAVE CONFIG button.The Save Configuration Notes dialog box is displayed.5. Type any notes you want to save with the configuration settings into the dialog box and click OK.The configuration settings are saved in a text file, for example:Begin Notes *******************************************LGC HQ05/23/01 MH configuration L010MH11System configurationEnd Notes *********************************************Frequency Band is DCS Low.SystemGain:UL=12dB,DL=4dB.Callback Number is 1234567.System label is LGC.Main Hub Information:Serial Number: L010BMH1Part Number: 7405101Revision Number: 03Firmware Revision: 010526Expansion Hub LGC-1 Information:Serial Number: L010BEH9Part Number: 7405101Revision Number: 03Firmware Revision: 010513RAU LGC-1-5 Information:Serial Number: L010BRU1Part Number: 7405101Revision Number: 03Firmware Revision: 010021
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 9-5620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Replacing a Main HubReplacing a Main Hub1. Turn off the power to the Main Hub.2. Disconnect all fiber cables and the AC power cord.3. Replace the Main Hub with a new one.4. Connect the AC power cord and all fiber cables – remembering to clean and cor-rectly connect the uplink and downlink fiber cables.5. Connect the null modem cable to the PC and then to the Main Hub’s front panel DB-9 serial connector.6. Start the AdminManager software.7. Select the Installation Wizard option from the introductory window.8. Turn on the power to the Main Hub.AdminManager Tasks• Use the Installation Wizard to:• Set the Operation Band• Use the Configuration & Maintenance panel to:• Set Callback Number• Set Contact Sense Properties• Set System Parameters• Perform System TestDuring System Test, the entire system is temporarily off-line and no RF is being transmitted. For a fully loaded system (one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 32 RAUs), it can take 1.5 minutes to complete the test.
Replacing Unison Components in an Operating System PRELIMINARY9-6 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AChecking the Main Hub’s LEDs• The LEDs should blink through all states on power up.• If the LEDs do not blink on power up, replace the Main Hub.• If the LEDs do not illuminate at all, make sure the AC power cable is con-nected.• For each fiber optic port that has a Main Hub connected:•The LINK LED should be green.•The E-HUB/RAU LED should be:– Green if the MAIN HUB STATUS is green.– Red if the MAIN HUB STATUS is red.•The MAIN HUB STATUS LED should be:• Red if the Main Hub is new from the factory and a band has not been pro-grammed, or if the wrong band is programmed.• Green if the Main Hub was previously programmed with a correct band (matches the RAUs in the system).NOTE: If there is communication between the Main Hub and the Expansion Hubs, use the AdminManager software’s Configuration & Maintenance panel to isolate sys-tem problems.
PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual 10-1620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARYSECTION 10 Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical AssistanceThere are no user-serviceable parts in any of the Unison components. Faulty or failed components are fully replaceable through LGC Wireless.Address 2540 Junction AvenueSan Jose, California95134-1902 USAPhone 1-408-952-2400Fax 1-408-952-2410Help Hot Line 1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only)+1-408-952-2400 (International)+44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe)Web Address http://www.lgcwireless.come-mail service@lgcwireless.com10.1 MaintenanceNo periodic maintenance of the Unison equipment is required.
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY10-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A10.2 TroubleshootingNOTE: Unison has no user-serviceable parts. Faulty or failed units are fully replaceable through LGC Wireless.Sources of potential problems include:• Malfunction of one or more Unison components• Faulty cabling/connector• Antenna, base station, or repeater problem• External RF interfaceNOTE: Faulty cabling is the cause of a vast majority of problems. All Cat-5/6 cable should be tested to TIA/EIA 568-A specifications.It is recommended that you use the AdminManager for troubleshooting the system, and use the LEDs as backup or for confirmation. However, if there are communica-tion problems within the system, the LEDs may provide additional information that is not available using AdminManager.To begin troubleshooting, use the AdminManager software to determine the current faults and warnings for all of the units in the system. To troubleshoot, start with the Main Hub’s faults and warnings, then proceed to each of the Expansion Hubs, finish-ing with each of the RAUs.If you do not have a PC with AdminManager available, the LEDs provide a minimal set of diagnostic information.If you cannot determine the cause of a problem after following the recommended pro-cedures, call LGC Wireless customer help hot line:1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only)+1-408-952-2400 (International)+44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe)
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-3620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Fault Indications10.2.1 Fault IndicationsOnce all of the units are powered on and the cable connections are made, the faults from each unit can be requested using the AdminManager. Start with the Main Hub and work downstream.Resolve all faults first and then check the warnings. Take appropriate action to resolve the faults, as indicated in the following tables. In cases where there is more than one possible cause, they are listed from the “most likely” to the “least likely” cause. Actions are listed in the order that they should be performed; not all actions may need to be done.Main Hub FaultsTable 10-1 Main Hub FaultsFault Message LED State Possible Causes Action ImpactHardware failure STATUS Red Internal hardware failure.Replace the Main Hub. System off-line.Frequency band not programmedSTATUS Red Factory default. Program the frequency band using the AdminManager’s Installation Wizard.System off-line.Main Hub is over temperatureSTATUS Red Fan failure. If fan is not operating, replace the Main Hub.Possible unit failure.Ambient tempera-ture is above maxi-mum.If fan is operating, check room environmental controls.Failed to perform system testSTATUS Red Internal failure. Replace the Main Hub when possible.Degraded performance.
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY10-4 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AEHn uplink AGC failureSTATUS Red Uplink fiber has high optical loss.Measure UL optical fiber loss.Clean the Main and Expan-sion Hub’s uplink fiber ports.The Main Hub’s EHn port is off-line; down-link is okay.Main Hub uplink port failure.Move fiber pair to another port. If fault is not reported, fiber is okay and Main Hub port is dirty or bad. Use the AdminManager to ‘Clear All Disconnect Status’ to clear the disconnect fault on the origi-nal port.Main Hub internal failure.If common point of failure for more than one Expansion Hub, replace the Main Hub.Expansion Hub internal failure.Swap suspect Expansion Hub with working Expansion Hub. If fault persists, replace Main Hub; otherwise, replace the Expansion Hub.Table 10-1 Main Hub Faults (continued)Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-5620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Fault IndicationsNo communica-tion with EHnLINK Red Downlink fiber has high optical loss.Measure downlink optical fiber loss.Clean the Expansion Hub’s downlink fiber port.Clean the Main Hub’s down-link fiber port.EHn and connected RAUs are off-line.E-HUB/RAU OffUplink fiber has high optical lossMeasure uplink optical fiber loss.Clean uplink fiber connectors.Clean uplink fiber ports.Main Hub down-link port failure.Move the Main Hub fiber pair to another port. If fault is not reported, fiber is okay and the Main Hub port is bad. Use the AdminManager’s “Clear All Disconnect Status” command to clear the disconnect fault on the original port.Main Hub internal failure.If common point of failure for more than one Expansion Hub, replace the Main Hub.Expansion Hub downlink port fail-ure.Swap suspect Expansion Hub with working Expansion Hub. If fault persists, replace the Main Hub; otherwise, replace the Expansion Hub.EHn disconnected LINK Red The Expansion Hub was connected and is now discon-nected.If EHn is disconnected, recon-nect it or clear the disconnect fault using the AdminMan-ager’s “Clear All Disconnect Status” command.EHn and connected RAUs are off-line.E-HUB/RAU OffThe uplink fiber optical loss exceeds minimum threshold.Check the uplink fiber cable’s optical loss.Clean the uplink fiber connec-tors.Clean the Main and Expan-sion Hubs’ uplink ports.Expansion Hub uplink laser failure.Check that EHn’s uplink laser is operational. (UL STATUS LED is green.)Table 10-1 Main Hub Faults (continued)Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY10-6 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AExpansion Hub FaultsEHn/RAU reports fault conditionLINK Green Any Expansion Hub or RAU faultUse the AdminManager to check for Expansion Hub and RAU faults. Proceed to Expansion Hub or RAU trou-bleshooting section.EHn and/or RAU off-lineE-HUB/RAU RedTable 10-2 Expansion Hub FaultsFault Message LED State Possible Causes Action ImpactHardware failure STATUS Red Downlink fiber has high optical loss.Measure downlink optical fiber loss.Clean the downlink fiber con-nectors.Clean the Main and Expansion Hubs’ downlink fiber ports.Expansion Hub and connected RAUs are off-lineMain Hub internal hardware failure.If common point of failure for more than one Expansion Hub, replace the Main Hub.Expansion Hub internal hardware failure.Replace the Expansion Hub.PLL unlock STATUS Red Downlink fiber has high optical loss.Measure downlink optical fiber loss.Clean the downlink fiber con-nectors.Clean the Main and Expansion Hubs’ downlink fiber ports.Expansion Hub and connected RAUs are off-lineMain Hub internal hardware failure.If common point of failure for more than one Expansion Hub, replace the Main Hub.Expansion Hub internal hardware failure.Replace the Expansion Hub.Table 10-1 Main Hub Faults (continued)Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-7620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Fault IndicationsFrequency band not programmedSTATUS Red Downlink fiber has high optical loss.Measure downlink optical fiber loss.Clean the downlink fiber con-nectors.Clean the Main and Expansion Hubs’ downlink fiber ports.Expansion Hub and connected RAUs are off-lineExpansion Hub internal hardware failure.Replace the Expansion Hub.Expansion Hub is over temperatureSTATUS Red Fan failure(s). If fans are not operating, replace the Expansion Hub.Expansion Hub and connected RAUs are off-line.RAUs are com-manded off-line which disables their power amplifiers. If the Expansion Hub temperature does not start to drop, the Expansion Hub will disable DC power to all RAUs.Ambient temperature above maximumIf fans are operating, check room environmental controls.Downlink pilot failureSTATUS Red Downlink fiber has high optical loss.Measure downlink optical fiber loss.Clean downlink fiber connec-tors.Clean the Main and Expansion Hubs’ downlink fiber ports.Expansion Hub and connected RAUs are off-line.Main Hub internal hardware failure.If common point of failure for more than one Expansion Hub, replace Main Hub.Main Hub downlink port failure.Move Main Hub fiber pair to another port. If fault is not reported, Main Hub port is bad, replace when possible.Expansion Hub down-link port failure.Swap suspect Expansion Hub with working Expansion Hub. If fault persists, replace the Main Hub; otherwise, replace the Expansion Hub.Table 10-2 Expansion Hub Faults (continued)Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY10-8 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AFailed to perform system testSTATUS Red Main Hub internal fail-ure. If common point of failure for more than one Expansion Hub, replace the Main Hub.Degraded perfor-mance.Internal failure. Perform System Test, if failure persists, replace the Expansion Hub.RAUn uplink AGC failureLINK Red Cat-5/6 cable length. Check Cat-5/6 cable length. RAU is off-line.RAU Off Expansion Hub uplink port failure or RAU failure.Move RAU to another port. If no fault reported, replace the Expansion Hub. If fault reported, replace RAU.Expansion Hub internal failure.If common point of failure for more than one RAU, replace the Expansion Hub.No communica-tion with RAUnLINK Red Cat-5/6 cable failure. Verify that the Cat-5/6 cable has no shorts or opens.RAUn is off-line.RAU OffRAU internal failure.orExpansion Hub port failure.Move the RAU to another port. If fault persists, replace the RAU; otherwise, replace the Expansion Hub.RAUn over cur-rentLINK Green Cat-5/6 cable failure. Verify Cat-5/6 cable has no shorts or opens.RAUn is off-line.RAU RedRAU internal failure. Move RAU to another port. If fault persists, replace the RAU. If no fault reported, remove the RAU, power cycle the Expan-sion Hub, connect known good RAU to port. If fault reported, replace the Expansion Hub.RAUn downlink port failureLINK Green Expansion Hub internal failure.Move the RAU to another port. If fault persists, replace the Expansion Hub. If no fault, flag previous port as unusable and replace the Expansion Hub when possible.RAUn is off-line.RAU RedTable 10-2 Expansion Hub Faults (continued)Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-9620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Fault IndicationsRemote Access Unit FaultsTable 10-3 Remote Access Unit FaultsFault Message LED State Possible Causes Action ImpactHardware failure ALARM Red Internal hardware failure. Replace the RAU. RAU is off-line.Frequency band not programmedALARM Red Wrong version of RAU for frequency band desired.Replace the RAU if not valid for desired frequency band.RAU is off-line.RAU is over temperatureALARM Red Ambient temperature above maximum.Check environmental controls; move the RAU to cooler envi-ronment.RAU is off-line.Power supplied by Expansion Hub is too lowALARM Red Cat-5/6 cable failure. Verify Cat-5/6 cable has no shorts or opens.RAU is off-line.RAU internal failure.or Expansion Hub port fail-ure.Move the RAU cable to another Expansion Hub port. If fault persists, replace the RAU; oth-erwise, replace the Expansion Hub.Expansion Hub internal failure.If common point of failure for more than one RAU, replace the Expansion Hub.Power supplied by Expansion Hub is too highALARM Red Cat-5/6 cable failure. Verify Cat-5/6 cable has no shorts or opens.RAU is off-line.Expansion Hub internal failure.orRAU internal failure.Move RAU cable to another Expansion Hub port. If fault persists, replace the RAU, oth-erwise replace the Expansion Hub.Cat-5/6 cable too longALARM Red Cat-5/6 cable is too long. Verify that the Cat-5/6 cable has no shorts or opens.Verify maximum Cat-5/6 cable length of 150 meters.RAU is off-line.
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY10-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. ADownlink pilot failureALARM Red Cat-5/6 cable failure. Verify that the Cat-5/6 cable has no shorts or opens.Verify maximum Cat-5/6 cable length of 150 meters.Verify minimum Cat-5/6 cable length of 10 meters.RAU is off-line.RAU internal failure.or Expansion Hub port fail-ure.Move the RAU cable to another Expansion Hub port. If fault persists, replace the RAU; oth-erwise, replace the Expansion Hub. Or, mark the Expansion Hub’s port as unusable.Expansion Hub internal failure.If common point of failure for more than one RAU, replace the Expansion Hub.Table 10-3 Remote Access Unit Faults (continued)Fault Message LED State Possible Causes Action Impact
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-11620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Warning Indications10.2.2 Warning IndicationsWarnings alert you to conditions that may impact system performance and conditions that indicate potential system failure.Before addressing warnings, ensure that all faults are resolved. Take appropriate action to resolve the warnings, as indicated in the following tables.Main Hub WarningsTable 10-4 Main Hub WarningsWarning Message Action ImpactDownlink laser is failing Replace the Main Hub when possible. The downlink laser will eventually fail and the system will be off-line.Temperature is high Check room environmental controls. Potential Main Hub failure.Fan failure Check the Main Hub fan for rotation, air flow blockage, dust; replace the Main Hub if temperature rises.Temperature may rise to fault level result-ing in Main Hub and connected Expansion Hub(s) and RAU(s) being off-line.EHn uplink fiber optical loss greater than recommended maxi-mumCheck the uplink fiber cable for optical loss.Clean the cable connector.Clean the fiber ports.Degraded system performance.
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY10-12 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AExpansion Hub WarningsRemote Access Unit WarningsTable 10-5 Expansion Hub WarningsWarning Message Action ImpactDownlink fiber optical loss greater than recom-mended maximumCheck the downlink fiber cable for excessive optical loss.Clean the cable connector.Clean the fiber ports.Degraded system performance.Uplink laser is failing Replace the Expansion Hub when possible. The uplink laser will eventually fail resulting in the Expansion Hub and connected RAUs being off-line.Temperature is high Check room environmental controls. Potential Expansion Hub failure.Fann failure Check the Expansion Hub fans for rotation, air flow blockage, dust; replace the Expan-sion Hub if temperature rises.Temperature may rise to fault level resulting in the Expansion Hub and connected RAUs being off-line.Cat-5/6 cable between RAUn and Expansion Hub is longer than rec-ommended maximumCheck that the Cat-5/6 cable does not exceed the recommended maximum length.Degraded system performance.Table 10-6 Remote Access Unit WarningsWarning Message Action ImpactTemperature is high Move the RAU to cooler environment. Potential RAU failure.DC voltage is low Check the Cat-5/6 cable for shorts and opens.Replace the RAU when possible.Unreliable operation.Power amplifier is fail-ingReplace the RAU when possible. Potential RAU failure.Cat-5/6 cable between Expansion Hub and RAU is longer than rec-ommended maximumCheck that the Cat-5/6 cable does not exceed the recommended maximum length.Degraded system performance.Antenna disconnected Check the RAU SMA antenna connection. Poor RAU coverage.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-13620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY LED Troubleshooting Guide10.3 LED Troubleshooting GuideThe following troubleshooting guide is from the perspective that all Unison equip-ment is installed, their cables are connected, and they are powered on; it is assumed that the system was operating normally before the current problem. (Refer to Section 6 for information on troubleshooting during initial installation of the system.)Always use AdminManager, if possible, to troubleshoot the system. The LEDs are for backup troubleshooting; although, an Expansion Hub uplink laser failure can only be resolved using the EH UL STATUS LED.Begin with troubleshooting the Main Hub’s LEDs and then the Expansion Hub’s LEDs. The RAU LEDs probably will not provide additional information for trouble-shooting.
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY10-14 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A10.3.1 Troubleshooting Main Hub LEDs During Normal Operation• All of the Main Hub’s LEDs should be green during normal operation. If any LEDs are red, get status using the AdminManager software for the exact cause and recommendations.Table 10-7 Troubleshooting Main Hub Port LEDs During Normal OperationDuringNormal Operation LED State Action ImpactExpansion Hub Not ConnectedLINK Red If the Expansion Hub was discon-nected accidentally, re-connect the cables. The LEDs should change to Green/Red (then Green/Green, after 20 seconds, if the Main Hub band has been programmed).If the Expansion Hub is to be removed from service permanently, then use the AdminManager’s ‘Clear All Disconnect States’ command to clear all disconnect states to no con-nect states. The Main Hub’s port LEDs should change to Off/Off.Expansion Hub was previously con-nected, but it is not currently con-nected; Expansion Hub cable disconnect.The AdminManager software will clear all disconnects caused by installation as part of the clean-up process. After installation, power cycle the Main Hub or use the AdminManager’s ‘Clear All Disconnect States’ command.E-HUB/RAU OffExpansion Hub ConnectedLINK Red Use the AdminManager to determine the exact cause of the Main Hub’s faults.Lost communication with Expansion Hub; could be Expansion Hub problem or fiber cable problem.E-HUB/RAU OffLINK Green Expansion Hub or connected RAU reports a fault condition; use the AdminManager to determine the exact cause of the Expansion Hub and RAU’s faults.E-HUB/RAU RedTable 10-8 Troubleshooting Main Hub Status LEDs During Normal OperationDuringNormal Operation LED State Action ImpactAt Any TimeMAIN HUB STATUS Red Use the AdminManager to determine the exact cause of the fault.Power cycle one time. If fault remains, replace the Main Hub.Internal Main Hub fault.MAIN HUB STATUS Alternating Red/GreenReduce input signal power; reduce system gain.Signal compression.
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-15620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Troubleshooting Expansion Hub LEDs During Normal Operation10.3.2 Troubleshooting Expansion Hub LEDs During Normal Operation• All of the Expansion Hub LINK and E-HUB/RAU LEDs that have RAUs connected should be Green/Green, indicating that the RAU is powered on, communication is established, and operation is normal.•The POWER and MAIN HUB STATUS LEDs should both be Green.Table 10-9 Troubleshooting Expansion Hub Port LEDs During Normal OperationDuringNormal Operation Port LEDs State Action ImpactRAU is not connectedLINK Red If the RAU was disconnected acci-dentally, re-connect the Cat-5/6 cable. The Expansion Hub’s port LEDs should change to Green/Red (then Green/Green, after 20 sec-onds, if the Main Hub is connected, powered on, and has band pro-grammed).If you are removing the RAU from service permanently, then com-mand ‘Clear All Disconnect States’ using the AdminManager soft-ware. The Expansion Hub’s port LEDs should change to Off/Off.RAU was previously connected, but it is not currently connected; RAU cable is disconnected.RAU OffRAU is connectedLINK Red Disconnect/reconnect the Cat-5/6 cable to force power-on reset to the RAU. If the port LEDs remain Red/Off, check the Expansion Hub faults using the AdminManager for the exact cause.Lost communications with the RAU. The RAU could have powered down due to over current; cable could have been dam-aged.RAU OffLINK Green RAU reports a fault condition; check the Expansion Hub faults using the AdminManager for the exact cause.Depends on the fault condition.RAU Red
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY10-16 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. ATable 10-10 Troubleshooting Expansion Hub Status LEDs During Normal OperationDuringNormal Operation EH StatusLEDs State Action ImpactAt Any Time UL STATUS Red Replace the Expansion Hub Uplink laser failure; no communications between the Main Hub and the Expansion HubDL STATUS Red Check the downlink fiber for opti-cal lossNo communications with the Main HubE-HUB STATUS Red If either the UL STATUS or the DL STATUS are also red, see above.Cycle power on the Expansion Hub. If fault remains, replace the Expansion Hub.Internal Expansion Hub fault (including either of the above UL STATUS or DL STATUS states)
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 10-17620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Technical Assistance10.4 Technical AssistanceCall our help hot line for technical assistance:1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only)+1-408-952-2400 (International)+44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe)Leave your name and phone number and an LGC Wireless customer service repre-sentative will return your call within an hour. Be prepared to provide the following information when you receive the return call:• Company name• End user name• Type of system, model number, frequency• Approximate time in service (warranty), sales order number• Description of problem• LED status• AdminManager fault and warning status
Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance PRELIMINARY10-18 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A
PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual A-1620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARYAPPENDIX A Cables and ConnectorsA.1 Cat-5/6 Cable (ScTP)• Connects the Expansion Hub to the RAU(s)• Transmits (downlink) and receives (uplink) cellular and PCS signals• Delivers DC electrical power to the RAUs. The Expansion Hub’s DC voltage out-put is 36V DC nominal. A current limiting circuit is used to protect the Expansion Hub if it reaches its current limit• Use shielded RJ-45 connectors• Distances:• Absolute Minimum: 10 meters (33 ft)• Recommended Minimum: 25 meters (82 ft)• Recommended Maximum: 100 meters (328 ft)• Absolute Maximum: 150 meters (492 ft)There are four separate twisted pairs in one Cat-5/6 screened twisted pair (ScTP) cable. The ScTP cable loss described in this document is for Cat-5 Mohawk/CDT 55986 or Belden 1624P DataTwist Five cable, or equivalent. The following table lists the functional assignment of the pairs:Table A-1 Cat-5/6 Twisted Pair AssignmentPair (wire number) Function1 & 2 Clock and Input Voltage3 & 6 RS4854 & 5 Uplink IF, UL Pilot and Ground7 & 8 Downlink IF, DL Pilot and Ground
Cables and Connectors PRELIMINARYA-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AAll Cat-5/6 cable must be terminated according to the TIA/EIA 568-A standard. The following diagram shows the top view of the wiring map for the cable and how the four pairs should be terminated.Figure A-1 Wiring Map for Cat-5/6 CableNOTE: Be sure to test cable termination before installing the cable.The nominal DC impedance of the Cat-5/6 cable is 0.08 ohm/meter and the nominal RF impedance is 100 ohm.12 3 45 6 78BrownBrown/WhiteBlue Blue/WhiteGreen/WhiteGreen OrangeOrange/WhiteRJ-45 Port12345678W-GGW-OBLW-BLOW-BRBR
PN 8700-10 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 A-3620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARY Fiber Optical CablesA.2 Fiber Optical Cables• Connects Main Hub to Expansion Hub(s)• Transmits (downlink) and receives (uplink) cellular and PCS signals• Use industry-standard 62.5µm/125µm MMF or Corning SMF-28 fiber, or equiva-lent (SC/APC [angle-polished] connectors only)• Distances:• Multimode Fiber: up to 1.5 km (4,921 ft) – 3 dB optical loss maximum• Single-Mode Fiber: up to 6 km (19,685 ft) – 3 dB optical loss maximumA.3 Coaxial Cable• Connects a Main Hub to a repeater or base station (N-type connectors)• Connects an RAU to a passive antenna (SMA connectors)
Cables and Connectors PRELIMINARYA-4 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. A
PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual B-1620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARYAPPENDIX B InterReach Unison Property SheetUse the “InterReach Unison Property Sheet” form, which is provided on the follow-ing page, to document a system configuration. The completed form can be used for future reference when the system is being maintained or components are added or exchanged. An example of a completed form is shown below.InterReachTM Unison Property SheetInstaller:J. SmithDate:10/10/10Main Hub Serial Number:L010BMH1System Label: System Gain: Alarm Sense: System Band:DCS 2AB UL: DL:  Yes No Normally-Closed  Normally-OpenUnitMH - EH - RAURAU Attenuation?Yes/NoUnitSerial No. Unit Installation LocationAB-1-n (EH 1) — L010BEH9 2nd floor Telecom closetAB-1-1 (RAU 1) no L010BRU1 Hallway, outside BoardroomAB-1-2 (RAU 2) no L120BRU1 Hallway, outside #230AB-1-3 (RAU 3) yes L007BRU1 Hallway, atrium north sideAB-1-4 (RAU 4) no L111BRU6 Hallway, outside #2071-1-5 (RAU 5)1-1-6 (RAU 6)1-1-7 (RAU 7)1-1-8 (RAU 8)1-2-n (EH 2) —1-2-1 (RAU 1)1-2-2 (RAU 2)1-2-3 (RAU 3)1-2-4 (RAU 4)1-2-5 (RAU 5)1-2-6 (RAU 6)1-2-7 (RAU 7)1-2-8 (RAU 8)1-3-n (EH 3) —1-3-1 (RAU 1)1-3-2 (RAU 2)1-3-3 (RAU 3)1-3-4 (RAU 4)1-3-5 (RAU 5)1-3-6 (RAU 6)1-3-7 (RAU 7)1-3-8 (RAU 8)1-4-n (EH 4) —1-4-1 (RAU 1)1-4-2 (RAU 2)1-4-3 (RAU 3)1-4-4 (RAU 4)1-4-5 (RAU 5)1-4-6 (RAU 6)1-4-7 (RAU 7)1-4-8 (RAU 8)
InterReach Unison Property Sheet PRELIMINARYB-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AInterReachTM Unison Property SheetInstaller: Date: Main Hub Serial Number:System Label: System Gain: Alarm Sense: System Band:UL: DL:  Yes No Normally-Closed  Normally-OpenUnitMH - EH - RAURAU Attenuation?Yes/NoUnitSerial No. Unit Installation Location1-1-n (EH 1)1-1-1 (RAU 1)1-1-2 (RAU 2)1-1-3 (RAU 3)1-1-4 (RAU 4)1-1-5 (RAU 5)1-1-6 (RAU 6)1-1-7 (RAU 7)1-1-8 (RAU 8)1-2-n (EH 2)1-2-1 (RAU 1)1-2-2 (RAU 2)1-2-3 (RAU 3)1-2-4 (RAU 4)1-2-5 (RAU 5)1-2-6 (RAU 6)1-2-7 (RAU 7)1-2-8 (RAU 8)1-3-n (EH 3)1-3-1 (RAU 1)1-3-2 (RAU 2)1-3-3 (RAU 3)1-3-4 (RAU 4)1-3-5 (RAU 5)1-3-6 (RAU 6)1-3-7 (RAU 7)1-3-8 (RAU 8)1-4-n (EH 4)1-4-1 (RAU 1)1-4-2 (RAU 2)1-4-3 (RAU 3)1-4-4 (RAU 4)1-4-5 (RAU 5)1-4-6 (RAU 6)1-4-7 (RAU 7)1-4-8 (RAU 8)
PN 8700-10 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual C-1620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARYAPPENDIX C ComplianceC.1 Safety Approvals• UL/cUL 1950 3rd edition• CB scheme evaluation with all national deviations• EN 60950:1992 including amendments A1, A2, A3, A4, and A11
Compliance PRELIMINARYC-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8700-10620003-0 Rev. AC.2 Radio/EMC ApprovalsGSM/EGSM/DCS ProductsEMC: ETSI EN 301 489-8 V.1.1.1 (2000-09)Radio: EN 301502 v.7.0.1 (8-2000)ETS 300 609-4 V.8.0.2 (2000-10)Cellular ProductsEMC: FCC part 15 class ARadio: FCC part 22PCS ProductsEMC: FCC part 15 class ARadio: FCC part 24iDEN ProductsEMC: FCC part 15 class ARadio: FCC part 90GSM ProductsEMC: FCC part 15 class ARadio: FCC part 90
PN 8100-50 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual D-1620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARYAPPENDIX D GlossaryAir Interface A method for formatting data and voice onto radio waves. Common air interfaces include AMPS, TDMA, CDMA, and GSM.AIN Advanced Intelligent Network. AINs allow a wireless user to make and receive phone calls while roaming outside the user’s “home” network. These networks, which rely on computers and sophisticated switching techniques, also provide many Personal Communications Service (PCS) features.Amplitude The distance between high and low points of a waveform or signal.AMPS Advanced Mobile Phone Service. AMPS is an analog cellular FDMA sys-tem. It was the basis of the first commercial wireless communication system in the U.S and has been used in more than 35 other countries worldwide. Analog The original method of modulating radio signals so they can carry informa-tion which involves transmitting a continuously variable signal. Amplitude Mod-ification (AM) and Frequency Modulation (FM) are the most common methods of analog modulation. ANSI The American National Standards Institute. A nonprofit, privately funded membership organization founded in 1918 that reviews and approves standards developed by other organizations. Antenna A device for transmitting and/or receiving signals. Attenuation The decrease in power that occurs when any signal is transmitted. Attenuation is measured in decibels (dB). Backhaul A term applied to the process of carrying wireless traffic between the MSC and the base station. Base Station The radio transmitter/receiver that maintains communications with mobile devices within a specific area. BSC Base Station Controller. A GSM term referring to the device in charge of man-aging the radio interface in a GSM system, including the allocation and release of radio channels and hand-off of active calls within the system.
Glossary PRELIMINARYD-2 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8100-50620003-0 Rev. ABTA Basic Trading Area. The U.S. and its territories are divided into 493 areas, called BTAs. These BTAs are composed of a specific list of counties, based on a system originally developed by Rand McNally. The FCC grants licenses to wire-less operators to provide service within these BTAs and/or MTAs. (See MTA.) BTS Base Transceiver Station. A GSM term referring to the group of network devices that provide radio transmission and reception, including antennas. C/I Carrier to interference ratio. The ratio of the desired signal strength to the com-bined interference of all mobile phones using the system. Usually, the interfer-ence of most concern is that provided by mobile phones using the same channel in the system. These are referred to as “co-channel interferers.” CCITT Consultative Committee on International Telephone and Telegraph. This organization sets international communications standards. The CCITT is now known as ITU (the parent organization). CDMA Code Division Multiple Access. A digital wireless access technology that uses spread-spectrum techniques. Unlike alternative systems, such as GSM, that use time-division multiplexing (TDM), CDMA does not assign a specific fre-quency to each user. Instead, every channel uses the full available spectrum. Individual conversations are assigned a unique code which allows the conversa-tion to be spread out over multiple channels; transmitted to the far end; and re-assembled for the recipient using a specific code. CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data. CDPD allows data transmission over the ana-log wireless network. CDPD breaks data into packets and transmits these packets on idle portions of the network. Cell A cell defines a specific, physical area of coverage of a portion of a wireless system. It is the basic “building block” of all modern wireless communications systems. Cell Site A term which refers to the location of the transmission equipment (e.g., basestation) within the cell. CEPT Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administrations. This organization’s mandate is to define pan-European wireless communications standards. In 1982, CEPT mandated GSM as the access protocol for public wire-less communications systems across Europe. Channel The path along which a communications signal is transmitted. Channels may be simplex (communication occurs in only one direction), duplex (commu-nication occurs in both directions) or full duplex (communication occurs in both directions simultaneously). Circuit A communication connection between two or more points. A circuit can transmit either voice or data. CO Central Office. The main switching facility for a telecommunications system.
PN 8100-50 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual D-3620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARYCTIA Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association. The CTIA is an industry association made up of most of the wireless carriers and other industry players. It was formed in 1984 to promote the cellular industry and cellular technology. D-AMPS Digital Advanced Mobile Phone Service. See IS-54. dB Decibel. A unit for expressing the ratio of two amounts of power. It is often used in wireless to describe the amount of power loss in a system (i.e., the ratio of transmitted power to received power). DCS Digital Communications System. DCS is often called “upbanded GSM” since it is the GSM access scheme adopted to operate in the 1700–1800 MHz portion of the spectrum. Digital A method of storing, processing, and transmitting information by represent-ing information as “0s” and “1s” via electrical pulses. Digital systems have largely replaced analog systems because they can carry more data at higher speed than analog transmission systems. Electromagnetic Spectrum Electrical wave forms in frequency ranges as low as 535 kHz (AM radio) and as high as 29 GHz (cable TV). ESMR Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio. Digital mobile telephone services offered to the public over channels previously used for two-way analog dispatch services. ESMR provides digital mobile radio and telephone service as well as messaging and dispatch features. ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute. ETSI was established in 1988 to set standards for Europe in telecommunications, broadcasting and office information technology. FCC Federal Communications Commission. In the United States, the FCC is responsible for the management and regulation of communication policy for all public communications services, including wireless. FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access. A wireless access protocol that assigns each user a specific radio channel for use. Since FDMA only supports one user (or conversation) on each channel, it does not maximize use of the spec-trum and is therefore largely been superseded by other access protocols (such as CDMA, TDMA, GSM, iDEN) that support multiple users on a single channel. Frequency Hopping A wireless signal transmission technique whereby the fre-quency used to carry a signal is periodically changed, according to a predeter-mined code, to another frequency. Fixed An ITU definition for radio communications between specified fixed points. Point-to-point high-frequency circuits and microwave links are two examples of fixed applications. FM Frequency Modulation. A method of transmitting information in which the fre-quency of the carrier is modified according to a plan agreed to by the transmitter and the receiver. FM can be either analog or digital.
Glossary PRELIMINARYD-4 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8100-50620003-0 Rev. AForward Channel Refers to the radio channel that sends information from the base station to the mobile station. (See Reverse Channel.) Frequency The number of times an electrical signal repeats an identical cycle in a unit of time, normally one second. One Hertz (Hz) is one cycle per second. Frequency re-use The ability to use the same frequencies repeatedly across a cellu-lar system. Because each cell is designed to use radio frequencies only within its boundaries, the same frequencies can be reused in other cells not far away with little potential for interference. The reuse of frequencies is what enables a cellu-lar system to handle a huge number of calls with a limited number of channels. Gain The increase in power that occurs when any signal is amplified, usually through an amplifier or antenna. GHz Gigahertz. A measure of frequency equal to one billion hertz. GSM Groupe Speciale Mobile (now translated in English as Global Standard for Mobile Communications). GSM is the digital wireless standard used throughout Europe, in much of Asia, as well as by some operators in the U.S. and South America. Handoff The process by which the wireless system passes a wireless phone conver-sation from one radio frequency in one cell to another radio frequency in another as the caller moves between two cells. In most systems today, this handoff is per-formed so quickly that callers don’t notice. Hertz A measurement of electromagnetic energy, equivalent to one “wave” per sec-ond. Hertz is abbreviated as “Hz”. iDEN Integrated Digital Enhanced Network. A TDMA-based wireless access tech-nology that combines two-way radio, telephone, text message, and data transmis-sion into one network. This system was developed by Motorola. In the U.S., iDEN is used by Nextel in its network. IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The world’s largest technical professional society with members from more than 130 countries. The IEEE works to advance the theory and practice of electrical, electronics, com-puter engineering and computer science. Infrastructure A term used to encompass all of the equipment, including both hard-ware and software, used in a communications network. IS-54 Interim Standard-54. A U.S. TDMA cellular standard that operates in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz band. IS-54 was the first U.S. digital cellular standard. It was adopted by the CTIA in 1990. IS-95 Interim Standard-95. A U.S. CDMA cellular standard that operates in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz band. This standard was developed by Qualcomm and adopted by the CTIA in 1993.
PN 8100-50 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual D-5620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARYIS-136 Interim Standard-136. A U.S. TDMA cellular standard based on IS-54 that operates in the 800 MHz or 1900 MHz band. IS-553 Interim Standard-533. The U.S. analog cellular (AMPS) air interface stan-dard. ITU International Telecommunications Union. The ITU is the principal interna-tional standards organization. It is charted by the United Nations and it estab-lishes international regulations governing global telecommunications networks and services. Its headquarters are in Geneva, Switzerland. LMDS Local Multipoint Distribution Services. LMDS provides line-of-sight cover-age over distances up to 3–5 kilometers and operates in the 28 GHz portion of the spectrum. It can deliver high speed, high bandwidth services such as data and video applications. Local Loop A communication channel (usually a physical phone line) between a subscriber’s location and the network’s Central Office. MHz Megahertz. One million Hertz. One MHz equals one million cycles per sec-ond. Microcell A network cell designed to serve a smaller area than larger macrocells. Microcells are smaller and lower powered than macrocells. As the subscriber base increases, operators must continue to increase the number of cells in their network to maximize channel re-use. This has led to an increasing number of microcells being deployed in wireless networks. Microwave Electromagnetic waves with frequencies above 1 GHz. Microwave communications are used for line-of-sight, point-to-point, or point-to-multipoint communications. MSA Metropolitan Statistical Area. The FCC has established 306 MSAs in the U.S. The MSAs represent the largest population centers in the U.S. At least two wire-less operators are licensed in each MSA. MSC Mobile Services Switching Center. A generic term for the main cellular switching center in the wireless communications network. MSS Mobile Satellite Service. Communications transmission service provided by satellites. A single satellite can provide coverage to the entire United States. MTA Major Trading Area. The U.S. and its territories are divided into 51 MTAs. Each MTA is composed of a specific number of BTAs. The FCC grants licenses to wireless operators to provide service within these MTAs and/or BTAs. (See BTA.) Multiplexing The simultaneous transmission of two or more signals on the same radio (or other) transmission facility. N-AMPS Narrowband Advanced Mobile Phone Service.
Glossary PRELIMINARYD-6 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8100-50620003-0 Rev. APCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association. This acro-nym is used to refer to credit card sized packages containing memory, I/O devices and other capabilities for use in Personal Computers, handheld comput-ers and other devices. PCS Personal Communications Service. A vague label applied to new-generation mobile communication technology that uses the narrow band and broadband spectrum recently allocated in the 1.9 GHz band. PDA Personal Digital Assistant. Portable computing devices that are extremely por-table and that offer a variety of wireless communication capabilities, including paging, electronic mail, stock quotations, handwriting recognition, facsimile, cal-endar, and other information handling capabilities. PDC Personal Digital Cellular (formerly Japanese Digital Cellular). A TDMA-based digital cellular standard that operates in the 1500 MHz band. Phase The particular angle of inflection of a wave at a precise moment in time. It is normally measured in terms of degrees. PHS Personal Handyphone System. A wireless telephone standard, developed and first deployed in Japan. It is a low mobility, small-cell system. POP Short for “population”. One person equals one POP. POTS Plain Old Telephone Service. PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network. Refers to the international telephone system and includes both local and long distance networks. Reverse Channel Refers to the radio channel that sends information from a mobile station to a base station. (See Forward Channel.) RF Radio Frequency. Those frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum that are associated with radio wave propagation. Roaming The ability to use a wireless phone to make and receive calls in places outside one's home calling area. RSA Rural Service Area. One of the 428 FCC-designated rural markets across the United States used as license areas for cellular licenses. (See MTAs and BTAs.) Sector A portion of a cell. Often, different sectors within the same cell will each use a different set of frequencies to maximize spectrum utilization. Signal to Noise Ratio The ratio of signal power to noise power at a given point in a given system. Smart Antenna Refers to an antenna whose signal handling characteristics change as signal conditions change. Soft Handoff Virtually undetectable by the user, soft handoff allows both the origi-nal cell and a new cell to serve a call temporarily during the handoff transition.
PN 8100-50 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual D-7620003-0 Rev. APRELIMINARYSpectrum The range of electromagnetic frequencies. Spread Spectrum A method of transmitting a signal over a broad range of frequen-cies and then re-assembling the transmission at the far end. This technique reduces interference and increases the number of simultaneous conversations within a given radio frequency band. T-1 A North American commercial digital transmission standard. A T-1 connection uses time division multiplexing to carry 24 digital voice or data channels over copper wire. TDMA Time Division Multiple Access. A method of digital wireless communica-tions that allows multiple users to access (in sequence) a single radio frequency channel without interference by allocating unique time slots to each user within each channel. TIA Telecommunications Industry Association. TR-45 One of six committees of the Telecommunications Industry Association. TR-45 oversees the standard making process for wireless telecommunications. Upbanded A service or technology that has been re-engineered to operate at a higher frequency than originally designed. Wireless Describes any radio-based system that allows transmission of voice and/or data signals through the air without a physical connection, such as a metal wire or fiber optic cable. Wireline Wire paths that use metallic conductors to provide electrical connections between components of a system, such as a communication system. WLANs Wireless Local Area Networks. Technology that provides wireless com-munications to Portable Computer users over short distances.
Glossary PRELIMINARYD-8 InterReach Unison User Guide and Reference Manual PN 8100-50620003-0 Rev. A

Navigation menu